CHAPTER XI. Architecture and Art.

Ix architecture the Egyptians have made to themselves a name which will last as long as the world endures. The pyramids, which belong to a period of more than three thousand years before Christ, are familiar to all, and they were justly ranked among the seven wonders of the world. Closely following on these wonderful buildings come the sternly beautiful temples ; and from these we see that the Egyptians were perfect masters of architectural design and detail, and also of the knowledge of the means for cutting, polishing, and hoisting to a great height immense masses of granite weighing many hundreds of tons. The temples of the gods, the obelisks recording victories and glories achieved, and the pyramid tombs, were meet objects on which to display their science of building, which every succeeding generation has admired, and vainly tried to imitate.

The principal periods of Egyptian architecture and art are as follows : —

1. Under the kings of the fourth, fifth, and sixth dynasties the most handsome and majestic edifices

1 90 THE DWELLERS ON THE NILE.

were built, such as the pyramids and mastabas, or tombs. The former we have referred to under the reigns of the kings who built them, and the latter we described on page 150. If nothing else but these monuments remained to us of the works of art of this period, we should be compelled to admit that the Egyptians of those times were mighty builders. But fortunately we have other remains of the work of the people of those days, in the shape of beautifully executed statues ; from which we see that the artist not only meant to produce a statue and likeness, but succeeded in giving to its features a true likeness of the man. The most remarkable statues of this class are those of Chephren^ the third king of the fourth dynasty, and the builder of the second pyramid, and that of the * chief of the village,' which are preserved in the Boulak Museum in Egypt. In these statues nature has been copied carefully and accurately ; and spectators who are accustomed to the sight of the later conventional Egyptian art, are surprised into admiration when they see before them figures whose features are evidently ' speaking likenesses ' of the inhabitants of the Nile valley more than five thousand years ago. With the death of the last king of the sixth dynasty this remarkable style of art drooped, and eventually disappeared ; a long period of artistic inactivity then followed, until the eleventh or twelfth dynasty, when Egyptian art burst forth into a new life.

II. The most remarkable productions of the second

ARCHITECTURE AND ART. 19!

period of Egyptian architecture and art are the obelisks of Heliopolis, upon which in later days Joseph must have looked ; and the rock tombs of Beni-Hassan, scenes from which are described on page 64. In these tombs windows and pillars are introduced, and the scenes portrayed on the w^alls are invaluable for the insight they give us into the manners and customs of the Egyptians, their festivals, and their manufacturing operations. The workmen and artists of this period did not produce such life-like works as those of the earlier periods, but were tied down by a rigid conventionality, which destroyed the independence and freedom of their designs, and fettered the simple grandeur of their productions. Following close upon this revival of art under the eleventh and twelfth dynasties, came a second period of oblivion, caused by the subjugation of Egypt by the Shepherd Kings, when not only were no works of art or important edifices built, but the first few of these rulers are thought to have destroyed the beautiful monuments of the kings of the first empire. Egyptian art did not absolutely decline under these rulers, but it seems to have existed in a desultory and stagnant fashion ; and, as we should expect, to these rough, and compared to the Egyptian, uncouth, despots, art and architecture were of secondary importance.

III. The third period begins with the expulsion of the Hyksos and the accession of Amasis, the first king of the eighteenth dynasty, about 1700 B.C. The art of this period culminated under Rameses II., the

J 92 THE DWELLERS ON THE NILE.

oppressor of the Israelites. His father, Seti I., had drawn largely upon the services of the architects, the artists and the labourers, in order to design and build magnificent and mighty temples, and to cover them with scenes and inscriptions commemorative of his battles and exploits. Under the rule of Rameses II, the most beautiful artistic works were executed ; and the oppressor king, with the assistance of myriads of captives and legions of Egyptians, erected some of the largest and best-proportioned edifices wdiich the world has ever seen. After the reign of Rameses II. art and architecture again declined, and but little good work was produced until the twenty-sixth dynasty, about 666 B.C.

IV. Under the twenty-sixth dynasty, inaugurated by Psammetichus I., there again appeared delicately wrought buildings and elegant works of art. The Egyptian architects "and artists went so far in their imitation of the works of past dynasties, as to reproduce on their tombs the texts -which were inscribed upon the tombs of the fifth and sixth dynasties, nearly three thousaud years before.

V. The fifth and last stage in Egyptian architecture and art is that which flourished under the Ptolemies. These rulers made use of the native Egyptian skill in building and decorating to a wonderful extent ; but it is easy to see that the artists of that time only copied what had gone before, merely keeping up the traditional letter, while the spirit of the work was long since dead. The knowledge of the old hieroglyphic language died

ARCHITECTURE AND ART. 193

out many years before the Ptolemies, and many of the characters had new and different values given to them under their rule. Besides this, since the national characteristics of the Egyptian race, their religion, and manners, and customs had been all changed under the new rulers, how could the art and architecture of the old and middle empires survive ? Changes came on swiftly and surely, and the Egyptians hastened to welcome and adopt the wonderfully beautiful art of the Greeks.

As the Egyptian believed that his soul and the gods lived for ever, his first care was that his tomb and his temples should be everlasting. Keeping this in mind, he built them carefully and well, and of the best materials ; they bear upon them the impress of edifices constructed for eternity, and not for time. The Egyptian delighted in forming massive buildings and colossi, but he was also able to build light and elegant buildings suitable for the residences of his Pharaohs. He understood the use of the arch, he was thoroughly familiar with the importance of pillars and columns, he excelled in working the hardest stone, he built everlasting structures, and he remains almost without equal in his skill in decorating walls.

And finally, the Egyptian was an expert and skilful manufacturer, a wonderful worker in gold and precious stones, and an expert weaver in linen : he was a keen and enterprising trader, and apparently exceedingly ready to take advantage of the foreign merchant. He disliked

N

194 THE DWELLERS ON THE NILE.

the foreigner, but when it was to his advantage to tolerate him, he did so, and was willing to accord to him due honour for his services, as in the parallel cases of Joseph and Saneha, ' the child of the sycamore.' As a rule he was obedient to authority, and under good generals fought well and did mighty deeds. He was learned, witty, sarcastic, and devoted to the arts and sciences, good-tempered, and of a light and happy disposition. He was self-sufficient, inclined to be despotic, and it was not a difficult matter to corrupt him by a luxurious life, of which in the days of the greatness and wealth of the empire he was exceedingly fond. From the earliest times he appears to have had a plurality of gods, and he was both religious and superstitious ; he had an exceedingly high moral ideal, and a most subHme conception of the unity of the great God and Creator of the world. In short, he possessed all the virtues and lofty and great ideas which were attainable by the people of such a civilized nation as his own : he likewise practised all the vices which spring up under the fostering influence of luxury and wealth. Though the knowledge of the Almighty was brought face to face with him, he refused to learn of Him, and accounted Him as one of his own gods ; therefore, like every nation that has raised its hand to persecute God's chosen people, he has passed away, and his monuments alone remain to tell us how great was the empire of the ' Sons of the Sun ' in the valley of the Nile.

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INDEX

Abesha, arrival of, in Egypt 66.

Abraham, career of, 80 ; goes into Egypt, 81 ; the Pharaoh who received, 82,

Agriculture, Egyptian, 186.

Ahnies, defeats Shepherd Kings, 68 ; reign of, 68 ; a collar of gold given 1 to, 86. I

Ahmes-Xefertari, wife of Amen-Ra, | reign of, 69.

Ai, reign of, 73, '

Akerblad, efforts of, to translate demotic, 28.

Amasis II., reign of, 98.

Amen, inscription of, at Beni- Hassan, 64,

Amenhotep I., reign of, 69.

Amenhotep II., reign of, 71.

Amenhotep III., reign of, 71 ; kills 210 lions, 72 ; erects statues of Memnon, 72 ; piety of, 72.

Anubis, worship of, 139.

Ape-em-ankh, tomb of, 152.

Apepi II., reign of, 68.

Aperu, conquest of, by Thothmes III. (supposed to be Jews), 71.

Apis, sacred to Ptah, 135.

Architecture, first period, 189 ; pyramids, 190; statues of Chephren, 190; second period, 190 ; obelisks, 191 ; tombs, 191 ; in time of Shepherd Kings, 191 ; third period, 191 ; in time of Rameses II., 192 ; fourth and fifth periods, 192 ; character of, 193.

Army, Egyptian, 186.

Arts of Egyptians, 193.

Asenath, wife of Joseph, meaning of name, ^J.

Assurbanipal, conquests of, 97.

Ata, or Ouenephes, history of, 55.

Athothis, son of Menes, 55. Autocraior, misiranhlaton of word,

Avaris, battle at, 68.

Bakemeats, Egyptian, 83.

Baker, Pharaoh s, dream of, 83.

Bakhten, story of the Possessed Princess of, 120.

Barbers, Egyptian, 84 ; poem on, 85.

Baskets, Egyptian, i^2>'

Bast, worship of, 144,

Beer, use of, 188.

Belzoni, obelisk fovmd by, 32.

Birch, i)r., translation of inscription on Rosetta Stone by, 22 ; on mistakes in translating demotic, 29 ; Mycerinus' inscription translated by, 63 ; on Joseph's seven cows, 83 ; on barbers, 85 ; reference of, to brickmakers, 76 ; on magical text, 1 14 ; on orders of priests, 144.

Book of the Dead, uses of, 148 ; description and age of, 167 ; contents of, 168 ; illustrations of, 168 ; explanations of, 172 ; transformations of, 172 ; the negative confession, 175 ; prayer in, 177.

Bouriant, Urbain, translation of a stele by, 22.

Brickmaking, Egyptian, 88.

Butler, Pharaoh's, dream of. ?,t,,

' Calf,' the vessel called, 68.

Cambyses the Persian conquers Egypt, 98.

Canaanites, origin of, 52.

Cartonnages, description of, 161.

Xaf-Ra, or Chephren, reign of, 61 ; pyramid of, 61 ; sphinx of, 61 ; statues of, 190.

Cartouches, meaning of, 18. N 2

Chain or collar of gold, gifts of,

85-

Champollion, M., decipherment of hieroglyphics by, 31.

Childhood of Egyptians, 179; education of, 180.

Chnumis, worship of, 142.

xufu, or Cheops, reign of, 56, 58 ; pyramid of, 56.

Cleopatra, hieroglyphic name of,

33-

Cleopatra's Needle, made by Thothmes III., 71 ; Rameses II. 's inscription on, 79,

Coffins, description of, 162.

Colours used in writing, 41.

Cups, Egyptian, 8^.

Cushites, legend of origin of, 53.

Demotic or enchorial inscription, efforts to translate, 28.

Determinatives, use of, 44.

Diet of Egyutians, 187.

D'Orbiney Papyrus, the, date of, 82.

Dresses of women, 180; of men, 181.

Drunkenness known to Eg}'ptians, 187.

Eclipse during reign of Necherophes,

55-

Education of children, 180.

Egypt, geography of, 50 ; names of, 50 ; titles of kings of, 50 ; origin of people of, 51 ; legendary origin of, 52 ; history of, 53 ; dynasties of, 53, et seq. ; civilization of, 80 ; liability of, to famines, 81 ; conquered by Cambyses, 98 ; literature of, 99 ; religion of, 129.

Egyptians, origin of, 51 ; legend of, concerning Harmachis, 52 ; appearance of, 53 ; wars of, against Ethiopians, 66 ; mode of dressing the hair, 84 ; learning of, 93 ; literature of, 99 ; poetry of, 100 ; mode of writing historj', 107 ; hymns of, 112 ; magical texts of, 114; tales of, 115; religion of, 129 ; belief of, in immortality, 142 ; worship of, 143 ; priests,

144 ; tombs of, 147 ; burial of, 152 ; belief as to the soul after death, 156 ; embalming, 157 ; dedication of intestines, 158 ; cartoniiages, 161 ; description of coffins, 162 ; sarcophagus, 162; uses of scarabsi, 163 ; uses of ushabtiu, 164 ; beliefs of, 178 ; childhood of, 179 ; dress of wo men, 180 ; of men, 181 ; polygamy of, 182 ; affection of, 182 ; marriage of brother and sister common, 182 ; position of the king, 182 ; houses of, 184 ; occupations of, 185 ; army of, 186 ; laws of, 187 ; diet of, 187 ; use of wine, 187 ; cultivation of vines,

187 ; drunkenness of, 187 ; use of beer, 188 ; fond of hunting,

188 ; architecture of, 189 ; arts of, 193 ; character of, 193.

Embalming, modes of, 157.

Enchorial and demotic inscriptions, efforts to translate, 28.

Enna, the scribe of the D'Orbiney Papyrus, 82.

Esarhaddon, conquests of, 96.

Ethiopians, wars of, against Egyptians, 66, 74.

Exodus, the, date of, 88 ; route of,

94-

Ezekiel, fulfilment of prophecies of, 98.

Gizeh, pyramids at, 56.

God, hymn to, 130.

Gods, Eg}-ptian, number of, 129 ; triads of, 129; names of, 129; Egyptian name for, 130 ; list of male, 133 ; of female, 134 ; genii of the dead, 135 ; the enemy of Ra, 135 ; Ptah, 135 ; Osiris, 136 ; Anubis, Thoth, 140; Tmu, Nephthys, Horus, Mut, Isis. 141 ; Hathor, 141 ; Sekhet, Bast, Chnumis, Amen-Ra, 142 ; worship of, 143 ; offerings to, 143 ; place of women in worship of, 145.

Greek inscription on Rosetta Stone, translation of, 22.

Guignes, Dr., on hieroglyphics, 18.

Hammer, M. von, mistakes of, 30.

Har-em-hebi, reiga of, 73.

Harhor, or Herher, reign of, 95.

Harmachi?, legend of, 52.

Harris Papyrus, list of offerings in, 144.

Hatasu, queen, reign of, 69 ; obelisks of, 69.

Hathor, or Athor, worship of, 14 1.

Hawk, sacred to Ra, 136.

Heifer, sacrifice of, 143.

Hieratic writing, specimen of, 49.

Hieroglyphics, decipherment of, 15 ; Kircher on, 17 ; Dr. Guignes on, 18; discovery of Zoega, 18; meaning of cartouches, 18 ; discovery of Boussard, 18 ; finding of the Rosetta Stone, 18 ; inscriptions of, 21 ; translations of Greek, 22 ; efforts to translate demotic by Sacy and Akerblad, 28 ; mistakes in, 29 ; Chevalier Palin,

29 ; of von Hammer and Lenoir, 30 ; labours of Thomas Young,

30 ; of Champoilion, 31 ; name of Ptolemy, 32 ; of Cleopatra, t,;^ ; objections to interpretation, 36 ; letter of Dr. Lepsius, 36 ; theory of Sir G. C. Lewis, 27 5 ideal writing, 42; pictorial, 43; determinatives, 44 ; number of signs, 45 ; arrangement of, 45 ; ornamental use of, 46 ; specimen of, 46 ; specimens of hieratic and demotic, 49.

Hor-em-heb, sarcophagus of, 162. Horus, worship of, 141. Houses, description of, 184. Hunting, fondness for, 188. Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings, reigns

of, 67. Hymns to Ra, 112 ; to God, 130. Ideal writing, 42. Ink, writing, 41. Intestines, dedication of, 158. Isis, wife of Osiris, 141. Jacob, arrival of, in Egypt, picture

of supposed, 65. Janelli, on ideographic theory, 36. Jehoahaz made king, 97.

Jehoiakim made king, 97.

Jeremiah, fulfilment of prophecies of, 98.

Jews, supposed arrival of, in Egvpt, 65. I Jews in Egypt, labour of, 89.

Jezebel, painting of, 181.

Joseph sold into Egj-pt, 82 ; in prison, 83 ; before Pharaoh, 84 ; interpretations of, 85 ; exaltation of, 86 ; meaning of Egyptian name of, 86 ; wife of, 87 ; wonderful policy of, 87 ; story of, confirms accuracy of Bible, 87.

Josiah, death of, 97.

Ka, belief in, 157.

Kadesh on the Orontes, battle at, between Khita and Rameses II.,

77Kem, native name of Egypt, 50. Khilibu or Khiribu, king of, rescue

of, 77. . Khita nation, origin of, 53. Khita, or Hittites, wars of, against

Rameses II., 74; poem about,

100. Khnum-hetep, tomb of, description.

Kings, position of, 182 ; names of, 182 ; dignity of, 183 ; death of, 183.

Kircher on hieroglyphics, 17.

Klaproth, objection of, to Champoilion, 36.

Kochome, pyramids at, built by Ata,

55Kohl, uses of, 180. Kush, appearance of inhabitants of,

Labyrinth, description of, 67.

Laws, Egyptian, 187.

Learning, poem in praise of, 123,

Lenoir, mistake of, 30.

Lepsius, Dr., letter of, to Rosellini,

Letronne, supposition of, 32. Lewis, Sir G. C, theory of, as to

Egyptian language, 37. Libyans, legend of origin of, 53 ;

terrified by an eclipse, 55.

Linen, fine, dress of priests, 85.

Literature, Egyptian, description of, 99 ; poem of Pentaur, 100 ; hymns to the Nile, no; to Ra, 112; magical text, 114; Tale of the Two Brothers, 115 ; the Possessed Princess of Bakhten, 120; the praise of learning, 123 ; the Song of the Harper, 124.

Lushington, Professor, translation of Pentaur's poem, 100.

Magical text translated by Dr. Birch, 114.

Mariette on tombs, 150.

Mastaba, or tomb, description of, 150.

Mat'in, battle of, with Amenemha, 64.

Megiddo, battle at, 97.

Memphis, founded by Mena, 54.

Mena, or Menes, date of reign of, 54 ; history of, 54.

Meydoum, pyramid of, supposed sepulchre of Senefru, 55.

Memnon, statues of, 72.

Memnonium, the, built by Seti L,

Menkau-Ra, or Mycerinus, reign of,

62 ; attempt to destroy pyramid

of, 62 ; mummy, sarcophagus, and

coffin of, 62. Menouthes, chief of the, rebellion

of, 96. Mer-en-Ptah, or Meneptah, the

probable Pharaoh of the Exodus,

79, 94Mestem, an eye-paint, 66. Mirrors, 181.

Misr, Arabic name of Egypt, 50. Misraim, Hebrew name of Egypt,

50. Mnevis, bulls sacred to Ra, 136. Moeris, lake, description of, 67 ;

uses of, 81. Moses in the ark, 93 ; learning of,

93Mummies, description of, 157 ;

animal, 164. Musur, Assyrian name of Egypt, 50 . Mut, worship of, 141.

Nebuchadnezzar H., conqueror of

Egypt, 97Necherophes, or Nefer-ka-Seker,

eclipse during reign of, 55. Ne;(t-Ames, stele, translation of,

153.

Nephthys, worship of, 141.

Nile, the, poems to, no; inundations of, 186.

Nimrod, prince of Hermopolis, rebellion of, 96.

Noph, ruler of, 96.

Obelisks of Thothmes I. at Thebes, 69 ; of Hatasu, 69 ; of Seti L, 73.

Ointment, offering of, 143.

Onions, a favourite offering, 143.

Osiris, story of, 136.

Palettes, scribes', 41.

Palin, Chevalier, mistakes of, 29.

Papyrus used for writing, 38.

Pentaur, poem of, copies of, 74 Professor Lushington's translation of, 100.

Pharaoh of the Exodus, the probable,

79. Pharaoh, the supposed, who received

Abraham, 82. Pharaoh's daughter saves Moses,

93Pharaoh's dream, 83 ; interpretation

of, 85. Pharach Hophra, reign of, 97. Pharaoh Necho, reign of, 97. Phonetic writing, 43. Phut, or Punt, situation of, 52. Pi-ankhi, reign of, 96. Pictorial writing, 43. Pithom, supposed site of, 78, 96. Plutarch on sacrifices, 143. Polygamy, allowance of, 182. Potiphar and Joseph, 82, 83 ; meaning of name, 86. Priests, orders of, 144 ; description

of, 145. Ptah, temple of, built by Mena, 54 ;

temple of, at Memphis, repair of,

69 ; worship of, 135. Ptolemy, hieroglyphic name of, 32. Punt, expedition to land of, or

Phut, 69.

Pyramids of Kochome, 55 ; of Meydoum, 55 ; of Cheops, 56 ; of Chephren, 56, 61 ; of Mycerinus, 56, 62 ; plan of construction of, 56 ; Egyptian name for, 57 ; materials of, 57 ; amount of labour required in building, 58 ; number of chambers in, 58 ; remains of, 58 ; of Amenemha, 67.

Ra, hymn to, 1 12; seventy-two names for, 129 ; called Harmachis and Turn or Tmu, 130; worship of, 135-

Rab-shakeh, taunt of, 96.

Raamses, supposed site of, 78 ; poem on happy town of, 96.

Rameses I., reign of, 73.

Rameses II., reign of, 74; wars of, against Ethiopians, 74 ; against the Khita, 74 ; poem about, 1 00 ; marriage of, 78 ; buildings of, 78 ; children of, 79 ; persecution of the Jews, 88 ; a gi-eat brickmaker, 89.

Rameses III., list of offerings of,

143.

Rameses VII., slovenliness of, 84.

Razors, Egyptian, 84.

Reeds, used in writing, 41.

Religion, Egyptian, number of gods, 129; triads, 129; names of gods, 129 ; name for god, 130 ; hymn to God, 130 ; list of male gods, 133 ; of female gods, 134 ; the genii of the dead, 135 ; the enemy of Ra, 135 ; Ptah, 135 ; Osiris, 136; Anubis, 139; Thoth, 140; Tmu, Nephthys, Horus, Mut, Isis, Hathor, 141 ; Sekhet, Bast, Chnumis, Amen-Ra, 142.

Ring an emblem of authority, 85.

Rosetta Stone, the, discover)' of, 18 ; description of, 21 ; inscriptions on, 21 ; translation of Greek, 22 ; a decree, 23 ; to Good Fortune, 26 ; attempts to translate the enchorial or demotic writing by Sacy and Akerblad, 28 ; mistakes of Palin, von Hammer, and Lenoir, 29, 30 ; labours of Thomas Young, 30 ; of

Champollion, 31 ; hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy, 32 ; objections to interpretation, 36 ; letter of Dr. Lepsius, 36 ; theory of Sir G. C. Lewis, '^'j.

Rouge, de, on papyrus relating to the Shepherd Kings, 68.

Sacrifices, Egyptian, 143.

Sacy, Silvestre de, efforts of, to translate demotic, 28.

Samneh, fortress of, built by Usertsen III., 66; tablet at, 66.

Sarcophagus, description of, 162.

Scarabai, uses of, in embalming, 163.

Scribes, importance of, 42, 85.

Sculpture writing, 38.

Sekenen Ra, rebellion of, 68.

Sekhet, worship of, 142.

Senefru, reign of, 55.

Seti L, reign of, 73 ; builds the Memnonium, a temple to Sekhet, a well, and an obelisk, 73 ; sarcophagus of, at Soane's Museum,

73Seti II., the D'Orbiny Papyrus

belonged to, 82. Severus, Emperor, repairs statue of

Memnon, 72. Sharuhen, fortress of, battle at, 68. Shasu, legend of origin of, 53. Shepherd Kings, reigns of, 67. Sheps-es-kaf, reign of, 63. Sheshank, or Shishak, conquests of,

95Solomon's affinity with Pharaoh, 95. Song of the Harper, 124. Sphinx, the, description of, 61. Statues of Chephren, 190. Stele, discovery of, at En-Nobeireh,

22 ; of Next-Ames, translation

of, 153. Succoth, identification of, 78. Sun's disk worshipped by Amen-

hotep IV., 72. Tel-el- Amarua, temple of the sun at,

72. Thoth, worship of, 140. Thothmes I., reign of, 69 ; obelisks

of, 69.

Thothmes II., reign of, 69.

Thothmes III., reign of, 70 ; conquests of, 71 ; maker of Cleopatra's Needle, 71.

Thothmes IV., reign of, 71.

Thuku, supposed to be identical with Succoth, 78, 96.

Tirhakah, reign of, 96.

Tmu, worship of, 141.

Toml)S, Egyptian, description of Khnum-hetep's, 65 ; making of, 147 ; description of, 150 ; pictures in, 152 ; at Beni- Hassan, 171.

Toys, Egyptian, 179.

Translation and transliteration, specimen of, 46.

Turquoise mining at Wady Magharah, 55

Two Brothers, Tale of the, reference to, 81 ; papyrus containing, 82 ; paraphrase of, 115.

Tyre, King of, conquest of, 96.

Uaua of Nubia, defeat of, by Amenemha, 64.

Ur-ma-neferu-Ra, wife of Rameses II., 78.

Usertsen I., reign of, 64.

Usertsen II., reign of, 65.

Usertsen III., reign of, 66 ; deification of, 66.

Ushabtiu, uses of, 164.

Vines, cultivation of, 187.

Vyse, Colonel, on pyramid of Mycerinus, 62.

Wall from Heliopolis to Pelusium, built by Rameses 11. , 78.

Wine, used by, 187.

Writing, Egyptian, materials used in, 38 ; colours used in, 38, 41 ; sculpture, 38 ; papyrus, ^S ; reeds,

41 ; ink, 41 ; palettes, 41 ; ideal,

42 ; pictorial, 43 ; determinatives, 44 ; specimen of, 46 ; specimens of hieratic and demotic, 49.

Voung, Thomas, labours of, in deciphering hieroglyphics, 30. Zedekiah, rebellion of, 97. Zoega, discovery of, 18,

LIST OF SCRIPTURE REFERENCES.

Genesis.

2 Samuel.

Page

Page

.

Page

xxxiv. 17

. 132

i. I

XXXV. 5 ...

"• 7

vii. 22

" ..^°

x. 6

xxxvii. 37

. 126

xii. 7, 9

Ivii. 3 ...

• 131

„ lO, 12

I Kings.

Iviii. 10 . . .

XV. 13

„ II ...

. 132

xxxvii. 28

iii. I

Ixviii. 5 . . .

xli. 14

Ixxviii. 51

• 51

xliii, II

2 Kings.

Ixxxvi. 8

xlvii. 25...

Ixxxix. 14

• 131

ix. 30

xviii. 21

xc. 2

• 131

Exodus.

xci. 4 ...

i. 8

xix. 9 xxii. I ...

c. 5

cii. 25-27

• 131

• 131

i. II

V. 13

xxiv. 7

civ. 5 cvi. 22 ...

. 132

xii. 40

xxxiii. 20

2 Chronicles

cxxi. 4 ... cxxix. 4...

.. 113

xxxiv. 6 .. xxxviii. 8

xii. 2-4 ...

xiii. 9

cxxxv. 5... cxlvi. 6 ... cxlviii. 5, 6

.. 132 .. 131 .. 132

Numbers.

Job.

Proverbs

xiv. 18

xix. 2

iii. 14-19

.. 17

xii. 10

iii. 33 ...

•• 133

XX. 16

viii. 28 ...

.. 132

Deuteronomy

,

xxxiii. 4

xxxvii. 23

xiv. II ... xvi. 4 ...

• 133 .. 131

xxii. 22, 23

.. 132

vi. 4

X. 17

Psalms.

xxii. 8

Ecclesiaste

s.

xxxii. 6

i. 6

xxxiii. 27

"■7

i. 4

. 124

X. 16

iii. 13 ...

.. 125

I Samuel.

XXV. 10 ...

v. I, 2, 6

• 133

xxvii. 10

,,i8 ... .

.. 125

XV. 22, 23

xxxiii. 6...

viii. 15 ...

.. 125

o.^'^

^

/

LIST OF SCRIPTURE REFERENCES.

Isaiah.

ix. 6 .. xix. 13 xxii. 13 xxxvii. 9.. xl, 10, 12 xlii.5 ...

Xlv. 5, 21 Xlv. 12 ..

Jeremiah.

ii. 16 iv. 30 ... X. 10

xxvii. 5 ... xvli. 14, 19

Page

Lamentations. iii. 22 132

Ezekiel.

xxiii. 40... ... 181

xxx. 13-16 ... 96

Daniel. V. 23 131

Amos.

iv. 13 132

V. 15 126

Nahum.

1. 7

11, 10 iii. 5

Page

Malachi.

130, 131 ... 132

Matthew. V'- 6, 7 133

Mark, ix. 44 126

Luke.

xii. 18-21 ... 126

xix. 12-27 ... 132

John.

1. 13 ••• i. 14, 18... iii, 16, 18 iv. 24 xiv. 6

Acts, xvii. 25, 28

Romans.

IX. 15

Page ... 132

I Corinthians.

Ephesians. iv. 6 130

Colossians. i, 16, 17 130

I Timothy.

i. 17 131

vi. 16 131

2 Timothy, iv. I 124

Hebrews, xii. 9 130

Revelation.

1, 8 131

iv. II 131

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