The Restoration and the End

The God of the People — Egypt yearns for the Past — Rise of Saite Kings — Osiris as Great Father — Christianized Horus Legend — Scythians and Cimmerians— End of Assyrian Empire — Jeremiah and Pharaoh Necho — Surrender of Jerusalem — Early Explorers — Zedekiah and Pharaoh Hophra — Jerusalem sacked — Babylonian Captivity — Amasis and the Greeks — Coming of King Cyrus — Fall of Babylon — Persian Conquest of Egypt — Life in the Latter Days — Homely Letters — Cry of a Lost Soul.

The civilization of ancient Egypt began with Osiris and ended with Osiris. Although the deified king had been thrust into the background for long centuries by the noble and great, he remained the god of the common people. " The dull crowd ", as Plutarch called them, associated the ideas about their gods, " with changes of atmosphere according to the seasons, or with the generation of corn and sowings and ploughings, and in saying that Osiris is buried when the sown corn is hidden by the earth, and comes to life and shows himself again when it begins to sprout. . . . They love to hear these things, and believe them, drawing conviction from things immediately at hand and customary." The peasant lived and died believing in Osiris. "As Osiris lives, so shall he also live; as Osiris died not, so shall he also not die; as Osiris perished not, so shall he also not perish."1 Egypt was made prosperous by Osiris: he gave it the corn which brought all its wealth and power. The

1 Erman, Handbuch.

364 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

greatest Pharaohs were those who, reverencing Osiris, cut new irrigating canals, and boasted like Amenemhet I:

I loved the corn god ... I have grown the grain In every golden valley where the Nile Entreated me. . . .

Egypt's Bata-like peasants constituted the strongest army commanded by the Pharaohs ; they won golden spoils from Nature, which were of more account than the spoils from Syrian battlefields and the tribute of subject kings. Those constant toilers, who were innately conservative in their methods and customs and beliefs, bulk largely in the background of ancient Egyptian history; they were little affected by the changes which passed over the country century after century; once a political storm died down, they settled back into their own habits of life ; they were " the nails that held the world (of Egypt) together ".

We have seen the Pharaohs and their nobles going after strange gods, marrying alien wives, and adopting new manners and customs, forgetting those traditions which are the inspiration of national life and the essence of true patriotism. When Egypt fell and was ground under the heel of the Assyrian it was from the steadfast, although unlettered, peasants that the strength of the restoration was derived; they remembered the days that were, and they remembered Osiris. " Those Egyptians who live in the cultivated parts of the country", wrote Herodotus, " are of all I have seen the most ingenious, being attentive to the improvement of memory beyond the rest of mankind."

The Assyrian conquest stirred Egypt to its depths. When Thebes was sacked, and Amon-ra cast down from his high place, the worshippers of Osiris were reviving

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 365

the beliefs and customs of the Old Kingdom, for they had never gone wholeheartedly after Ra and Amon or Sutekh and Astarte. When Ashur-banipal shattered the power of the Asiatic nobles of Egypt and drove out the Ethiopians, he also rescued the Egyptian people from their oppressors and strengthened the restoration movement which had begun under the Ethiopian kings.

Ashur-banipal was unable to retain for long his hold upon the land of the Pharaohs. Persistent revolts occupied his attention at the very heart of his empire. His brother, the subject king of Babylon, had secured the co-operation of the Elamites, the Aramaeans, the Chaldeans, and the Arabians, and a fierce struggle ensued, until in the end Babylon was besieged and captured and Elam was devastated. Meanwhile Cimmerians were invading Asia Minor and the Aryan Medes were pressing into Elam. When peace was at length restored Assyria, although triumphant, was weakened as a result of its terrible struggles, and the empire began to go to pieces.

Assyria's misfortunes gave Psamtek his opportunity. About two years after his rival, Tanut-amon, was driven out of Thebes, he had come to an understanding with King Gyges of Lydia, who, having driven off the first attack of Cimmerians, was able to send him Ionian and Carian mercenaries. Psamtek then ceased to pay tribute to Ashur-banipal, and was proclaimed Pharaoh of United Egypt. As he had married a daughter of Taharka, the Ethiopian, his succession to the throne was legalized according to the " unwritten law " of Egypt. The Assyrian officials and soldiers were driven across the Delta frontier.

Herodotus relates an interesting folktale regarding the rise of Psamtek. He was informed that the Egyp-

366 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

tians chose twelve kings to reign over them, and these " connected themselves with intermarriages, and engaged to promote the common interest ", chiefly because an oracle had declared that the one among them who offered a libation to Ptah in a brazen vessel should become the Pharaoh. One day in the labyrinth eleven of the kings made offerings in golden cups, but the priest had brought out no cup for Psamtek, who used his brazen helmet. The future Pharaoh was promptly exiled to a limited area in the Delta. He visited the oracle of the serpent goddess at Buto, and was informed that his cause would prosper when the sea produced brazen figures of men. Soon afterwards he heard that a body of Ionians and Carians, clad in brazen armour, had come oversea and were plundering on the Egyptian coast. He immediately entered into an alliance with them, promising rich rewards, vanquished his rivals in battle, and thus became sole sovereign of Egypt.

Sais was then the capital, and its presiding deity, the goddess Neith, assumed great importance; but by the mass of the people she was regarded as a form of I sis. The great city of Memphis, however, was the real centre of the social and religious life of the new Egypt which was the old. Thebes had ceased to have any political significance. No attempt was made to restore its dilapidated temples, from which many of the gods had been deported to Assyria, where they remained until the Persian age. Amon had fallen from his high estate, and his cult was presided over by a high priestess, a sister of Psamtek's queen, the "wife" of the god. With this lady was afterwards associated one of Psamtek's daughters, so that the remnant of the Amon endowments might come under the control of the royal house. Ra of Heliopolis shrank to the position of a local deity. The conservative Egyp-

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 367

tians, as a whole, had never been converted to sun worship.

Osiris was restored as the national god in his Old Kingdom association with Ptah, the Great Father, the world deity, who had his origin upon the earth; his right eye was the sun and his left eye was the moon. But although the sun was " the eye of Osiris ", the ancient deity was no more a sun god than Ra was an earth god. As Osiris-ra he absorbed certain attributes of the solar deity, but as Ra had similarly absorbed almost every other god, the process was not one of change so much as adjustment.1 Ra ceased to be recognized as the Great Father of the Egyptian Pantheon. " Behold, thou (Osiris) art upon the seat of Ra." Osiris was essentially a god of vegetation and the material world; he was the soul of Ra, but his own soul was the soul of Seb, the earth god, which was hidden now in a tree, now in an animal, now in an egg: the wind was the breath and spirit of Osiris, and his eyes gave light. He was not born from the sun egg like Ra. Seb, the earth giant, in his bird form was before the egg, and Osiris absorbed Seb. Osiris became " the Great Egg ", which was " the only egg ", for the Ra " egg " had been appropriated from the earth worshippers. He was both Seb and the " egg " — " thou egg who becometh as one renewed ". The father of Ra was Nu (water); the father of Osiris was Tanen (earth).2

But although he fused with Ptah-Tanen and became the Great Father, Osiris, was not divested of his ancient lunar attributes. He was worshipped as the Apis bull;

1 The various gods became manifestations of Osiris. In the Osirian hymns, which were added to from time to time, Osiris is addressed: "Thou art Turn, the forerunner of Ra . . . the soul of Ra . . . the pupil of the eye that beholdest Turn . . . lord of fear, who causeth himself to come into being" (The Burden of his, Dennis).

8 The Burden of Isis; the egg, pp. 39, 45, 55; the sun, pp. 23, 24, 41, 49, 53; Tatenen (Tanen), p. 49; Seb, pp. 32, 47.

(0 619) 27

368 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

his soul was in the bull, and it had come from the moon as a ray of light. Here then we have a fusion of myths of divergent origin. Osiris was still the old lunar god, son of the Great Mother, but he had become "husband of his mother " or mothers, and also his own father, because he was the moon which gave origin to the sacred bull. He was also the world giant whose soul was hidden. The Egyptian theologians of the restoration clung to all the old myths of their mingled tribal ancestors and attached them to Osiris.

So Osiris absorbed and outlived all the gods. In early Christian times the Serapeum, the earthly dwelling place of Serapis (Osiris-Apis), was the haunt of society Hadrian, writing to the consul Servian, said that the Alexandrians " have one god, Serapis, who is worshipped by Christians, Jews, and Gentiles ". The half-Christianized Egyptians identified Christ with Horus, son of Osiris, and spoke of the Saviour as the young avenger in the "Legend of the Winged Disk", who swept down the Nile valley driving the devil (Set) out of Egypt. As early Gaelic converts said : " Christ is my Druid ", those of the land of the Pharaohs appear to have declared similarly: "Christ is my Horus".

Horus and his mother, Isis, came into prominence with Osiris. Set, as Sutekh, was banished from Egypt, and was once again regarded as the devil. The cult of Isis ultimately spread into Europe.1

But not only were the beliefs of the Old Kingdom revived; even its language was imitated in the literature and inscriptions of the Saite period, and officials were given the titles of their predecessors who served Zoser and Khufu. Art revived, drawing its inspiration from the remote past, and once again the tomb scenes assumed a

1 An image of Isis was found on the site of a Roman camp in Yorkshire.

Imhotep (Imuthes),

the architect of the first Pyramid, who became

a god in the Restoration Period and "son of

Ptah or Ptah-Osiris"

(British Museum)

Painted and Gilded Figure ot Ptah-Seker-Asar (Ptah-SokarOsiris) on a stand with a cavity containing a small portion of a body

Photos. Mansel!

RESTORATION PERIOD DEITIES

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 369

rural character and all the mannerisms of those depicted in Old Kingdom times. Egypt yearned for the glories of other days, and became an imitator of itself. Everything that was old became sacred; antiquarian knowledge was regarded as the essence of wisdom. Hieroglyphic writing was gradually displaced by Demotic, and when the Greeks found that the learned priests alone were able to decipher the ancient inscriptions, they concluded that picture writing was a sacred art; hence the name "hieroglyphics ", derived from hierosy sacred, and glypho, 1 engrave.

The excess of zeal displayed by the revivalists is illustrated in their deification of lmhotep, the learned architect of King Zoser of the Third Dynasty (see Chapter VIII). His memory had long been revered by the scribes; now he was exalted to a position not inferior to that held by Thoth in the time of Empire. As the son of Ptah, he was depicted as a young man wearing a tight-fitting cap, sitting with an open scroll upon his knees. He was reputed to cure diseases by the power of spells, and was a patron of learning, and he was a guide or priest of the dead, whom he cared for until they reached the Osirian Paradise. In Greek times he was called Imuthes, and identified with Asklepios.

Animal worship was also carried to excess. Instead of regarding as sacred the representative of a particular species, the whole species was adored. Cats and rams, cows and birds, and fishes and reptiles were worshipped wholesale and mummified. The old animal deities were given new forms; Khn&mA, for instance, was depicted as a ram -headed hawk, Bast as a cat -headed hawk, and Anubis as a sparrow with the head of a jackal.

Psamtek reigned for over fifty-four years, and Egypt prospered. At Memphis he extended the temple of

370 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

Ptah and built the Serapeum, in which the sacred bull was worshipped. He waged a long war in Philistia and captured Ashdod, and had to beat back from his frontier hordes of Scythians and Cimmerians, peoples of Aryan speech, who had overrun Asia Minor and were pressing down through Syria like the ancient Hittites; during their reign of terror King Gyges of Lydia was defeated and slain.

The Greeks were encouraged to settle in Egypt, and their folklays became current in the Delta region. Herodotus related a version of the tale of Troy which was told to him by the priests. It was to the effect that Paris fled to Egypt when Menelaus began military operations to recover Helen, and that he was refused the hospitality of the Pharaoh. In the Odyssey Menelaus says to Telemachus:

Long on the Egyptian coast by calms confined, Heaven to my fleet refused a prosperous wind, No vows had we preferred, nor victim slain, For this the gods each favouring gale restrain.

Od., iv, 473.

When Psamtek's son, Necho, came to the throne the Assyrian empire was going to pieces. Nahum was warning Nineveh:

Behold, I am against thee, saith the Lord of hosts. ... I will shew the nations thy nakedness and the kingdoms thy shame. . . . The gates of thy land shall be set wide open unto thine enemies; the fire shall devour thy bars. . . . Thy shepherds slumber, O King of Assyria: thy nobles shall dwell in the dust: thy people is scattered upon the mountains, and no man gathereth them. There is no healing of thy bruise; thy wound is grievous: all that hear the bruit of thee shall clap the hands over thee (Nahumy iii).

After Ashur-banipal had devastated Elam it was occu-

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 371

pied by the Aryan Medes. About 607 n.c. Cyaxares, the Median king, who had allied himself with the revolting Babylonians, besieged Nineveh, which was captured and ruthlessly plundered. The last Assyrian king, Sin-sharishkun, the second son of Ashur-banipal, is identified with the Sardanapalus of legend who set fire to his palace and perished in its flames so that he might not fall into the hands of his enemies. Tradition attached to his memory the achievements of his father.

Pharaoh Necho took advantage of Assyria's downfall by seizing Palestine. King Josiah of Judah went against him at Memddo and was defeated and slain. " And his

o

servants carried him in a chariot dead from Megiddo and brought him to Jerusalem " (2 Kings, xxiii, 30). Jehoahaz was selected as Josiah's successor, but Necho deposed him and made him a prisoner, and, having fixed Judah's tribute at " an hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold ", he " made Eliakim, the son of Josiah, king . . . and turned his name to Jehoiakim " {2 Kings, xxiii, 34). But although Necho had been strong enough to capture Kadesh, his triumph was shortlived. Less than four years later Nebuchadrezzar, King of Babylon, who claimed Syria, routed Necho's army at Carchemish, and the Egyptians were forced to hasten back to their own land. "This is the day of the Lord of hosts, a day of vengeance", cried Jeremiah. . . . "Come up ye horses; and rage ye chariots; and let the mighty men come forth: the Ethiopians and the Libyans, that handle the shield; and the Lydians (mercenaries) that handle and bend the bow. . . . The sword shall devour. . . . Let not the swift flee away, nor the mighty man escape. . . . The nations have heard of thy shame ", cried the Hebrew prophet to the escaping Egyptians {Jeremiah, xlvi). "And the King of Egypt came not again any more out of his land: for the King

372 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

of Babylon had taken from the river of Egypt unto the River Euphrates all that pertained to the King of Egypt (2 Kings, xxiv, 7).

Necho had come to an understanding with Nebuchadrezzar, and interfered no more in Palestine. A few years later Jehoiakim rebelled against the King of Babylon, expecting that Necho would support him, despite the warnings of Jeremiah, and Jerusalem was besieged and forced to surrender. Jehoiakim had died in the interval, and his son, Jehoiachin, and a large number of " the mighty of the land" were deported to Babylon {2 Kings, xxiv). Mattaniah, son of Josiah, was selected to rule over Jerusalem, his name being changed to Zedekiah.

Necho, according to Herodotus, had undertaken the construction of a canal between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, but desisted after a time on account of a warning received from an oracle. He then devoted himself to building a large fleet. His father was reputed to have endeavoured to discover the source of the Nile, and it was probably with desire to have the problem solved that Necho sent an expedition of Phoenicians to circumnavigate Africa. When the vessels, which started from the Red Sea, returned three years later by the Straits of Morocco, the belief was confirmed that the world was surrounded by the " Great Circle " — the ocean.

Apries, the second king after Necho, is the Pharaoh Hophra of the Bible. He had dreams of conquest in Syria, and formed an alliance which included unfortunate Judah, so that " Zedekiah rebelled against the King of Babylon " (Jeremiah, lii, 3). Nebuchadrezzar took swift and terrible vengeance against Josiah's unstable son. Jerusalem was captured after a two years' siege and laid in ruins (about 586 B.C.). Zedekiah fled, but was captured, "And the King of Babylon slew the sons of

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 373

Zedekiah before his eyes. . . . Then he put out the eyes of Zedekiah; and the King of Babylon bound him in chains and carried him to Babylon, and put him in prison till the day of his death" {Jeremiah, lii, 10, 11). The majority of the Jews were deported; a number fled with Jeremiah to Egypt. So ended the kingdom of Judah.

Oh! weep for those that wept by Babel's stream, Whose shrines are desolate, whose land a dream. . . . Tribes of the wandering foot and weary breast, How shall ye flee away and be at rest!

Byron.

Jeremiah proclaimed the doom of Judah's tempter, crying: " Thus saith the Lord ; Behold I will give Pharaohhophra, King of Egypt, into the hand of his enemies, and into the hand of them that seek his life; as 1 gave Zedekiah, King of Judah, into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar, King of Babylon, his enemy, and that sought his life " {Jeremiah, xliv, 30).

Apries fell about 568 b.c. According to Herodotus, the Egyptians revolted against him, apparently because of his partiality to the Greeks; his army of Ionian and Carian mercenaries was defeated by a native force under Amasis (Ahmes II), whose mother was a daughter of Psamtek II. A mutilated inscription at Babylon is believed to indicate that Nebuchadnezzar invaded Egypt about this time, but it is not confirmed by any surviving Nilotic record. Apries was kept a prisoner by the new king, but the Egyptians demanded his death, and he was strangled.

Amasis reigned for over forty years. He was well »tnown to the Greeks. Herodotus says that he regulated his time in this manner: Irom dawn until the city square

374 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

was crowded he gave audience to whoever required it; the rest of the day he spent making merry with friends of not very high morals. Some of his nobles remonstrated with him because of his "excessive and unbecoming levities", and said he should conduct himself so as to increase the dignity of his name and the veneration of his subjects. Amasis answered: "Those who have a bow bend it only when they require to; it is relaxed when not in use. And if it were not, it would break and be of no service in time of need. It is just the same with a man; if he continually engaged in serious pursuits, and allowed no time for diversion, he would suffer gradual loss of mental and physical vigour."

Amasis " was very partial to the Greeks, and favoured them at every opportunity ", Herodotus says. He encouraged them to settle at Naucratis,1 where the temple called Hellenium was erected and Greek deities were worshipped. Amasis erected a magnificent portico to Neith at Sais, had placed in front of Ptah's temple at Memphis a colossal recumbent figure 75 feet long,- and two erect figures 20 feet high, and caused to be built in the same city a magnificent new temple to Isis. To the Graeco-Libyan city of Cyrene, with which he cultivated friendly relations, he gifted "a golden statue of Minerva". He married a princess of the Cyrenians. Herodotus relates that during the wedding celebrations Amasis "found himself afflicted with an imbecility which he experienced under no other circumstances"; probably he had been drinking heavily, as he was too prone to do. His cure was attributed to Venus, who was honoured with a statue for reward.

Amasis was not over popular with the Egyptians. Not only did he favour the Greeks, but promulgated a

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Characteristic Grjeco-Roman Coffin with painted portrait

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 37$

law to compel every citizen to make known once a year the source of his earnings. It is not surprising to find that he had to send Greek soldiers to Memphis to overawe the offended natives, who began to whisper treasonable sayings one to another.

His foreign policy was characterized by instability. Although he cultivated friendly relations for the purpose of mutual protection, he gave no assistance in opposing the Persian advance westward.

About the middle of the reign of Amasis a new power arose in the East which was destined to shatter the crumbling edifices of old-world civilization and usher in a new age. " Cyrus, the Achoemenian, King of Kings ", who was really a Persian, overthrew King Astyages (b.c. 550) of the Medes and founded the great Aryan Medo-Persian empire and pressed westward to Asia Minor. Amasis formed alliances with the kings of Babylon, Sparta, and Lydia, and occupied Cyprus, which he evacuated when the Persians overthrew the Lydian power. Egypt had become " a shadow " indeed. Cyrus next turned his attention to Babylonia, besieging and capturing city after city. The regent, Belshazzar, ruled as king in Babylon, which, in 539 B.C., was completely invested. On the last night of his life, deeming himself secure, " Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and drank wine before the thousand " {Daniel, v, 1).

In that same hour and hall, The fingers of a hand Came forth against the wall, And wrote as if on sand: The fingers of a man; — A solitary hand Along the letters ran, And traced them like a wand.

376 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

" Belshazzar's grave is made, His kingdom passed away, He, in the balance weighed, Is light and worthless clay; The shroud his robe of state, His canopy the stone; The Mede is at his gate! The Persian on his throne!"

Byron.

So Babylon fell. Cyrus, who was proclaimed its king, allowed the Jews to return home, and the first lot saw the hills of Judah in 538 B.C., nearly half a century after Zedekiah was put to shame.

Cambyses, a man of ungovernable temper and subject to epileptic fits, succeeded Cyrus in 530 B.C. Nine months after the death of Amasis, the ineffectual intriguer (525 b.c), he moved westward with a strong army and conquered Egypt. Psamtek III, after the defeat of his army of mercenaries at Pelusium, on the east of the Delta, retreated to Memphis. Soon afterwards a Persian herald sailed up the Nile to offer terms, but the Egyptians slew him and his attendants and destroyed the boat. Cambyses took speedy revenge. He invested Memphis, which ere long surrendered. According to Herodotus, he committed gross barbarities. Pharaoh's daughter and the daughters of noblemen were compelled to fetch water like slaves, nude and disgraced before the people, and Pharaoh's son and two thousand Egyptian youths, with ropes round their necks, were marched in procession to be cut to pieces as the herald of Cambyses had been, and even Pharaoh was executed. On his return from Nubia, where he conducted a fruitless campaign, Cambyses is said to have slain a newly found Apis bull, perhaps because Amasis had " loved Apis more than any other

,

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 377

king". At Sais the vengeful Persian, according to Egyptian tradition, had the mummy of Amasis torn to pieces and burned.

With the conquest by Persia the history of ancient Egypt may be brought to an end. Before the coming of Alexander the Great, in b.c. 332, the shortlived and weak Dynasties Twenty -eight to Thirty flickered like the last flames of smouldering embers. Then followed the Ptolemaic age, which continued until 30 B.C., when, with the death of the famous Cleopatra, Egypt became " the granary of Rome ".

Under the Ptolemies there was another restoration. It was modelled on the civilization of the latter half of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and Amenhotep, son of Hapi, the architect and magician who had been honoured by Queen Tiy's royal husband, was elevated to the rank of a god. A large proportion of the foreign population embraced Egyptian religion, and the dead were given gorgeous mummy cases with finely carved or painted portraits.

Vivid glimpses of life in Egypt from the second to the fourth century a.d., are afforded by the papyri discovered at Oxyrhynchus, chiefly by Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt. Wealthy and populous Alexandria had its brilliant and luxury-loving social groups. Invitations to dinner were sent out in much the same form as at the present day. The following is dated second century a.d.:

Chaeremon requests your company at dinner at the table of the lord of Serapis in the Serapeum to-morrow, the 15th, at 9 o'clock.

The worship of Apis was fashionable. A lady wrote to a friend about the beginning of the fourth century:

Greeting, my dear Serenia, from Petosiris. Be sure, dear, to

378 EGYPTIAN MYTH AND LEGEND

come up on the 20th for the birthday festival of the god, and let me know whether you are coming by boat or by donkey in order that we may send for you accordingly. Take care not to forget. I pray for your continued health.

There were spoiled and petted boys even in the third century. One wrote to his indulgent father:

Theon to father Theon, greeting. It was a fine thing of you not to take me with you to the city. If you won't take me with you to Alexandria I won't write you a letter, or speak to you, or say goodbye to you, and if you go to Alexandria I won't take your hand or ever greet you again. This is what will happen if you won't take me. Mother said to Archelaus: "It quite upsets me to be left behind". It was good of you to send me presents. . . . Send me a lyre I implore you. If you don't, I won't eat, I won't drink — there now!

Alexandria was always a hotbed of sedition. A youthful citizen in good circumstances wrote to his brother:

I learned from some fishermen that Secundus's house has been searched and my house has been searched. I shall therefore be obliged if you will write me an answer on this matter so that I may myself present a petition to the Prefect. . . . Let me hear about our bald friend, how his hair is growing again on the top; be sure and do.

Marriage engagements were dissolved when prospective sons-in-law were found to be concerned in lawless actions; prisoners were bailed out; improvident people begged for loans from friends to take valuables and clothing out of pawn ; country folk complained that merchants sent large cheeses when they ordered small ones. Young men were expected to write home regularly. The following is a father's letter: —

I have been much surprised, my son, at not receiving hitherto a letter from you to tell me how you are. Nevertheless, sir,

THE RESTORATION AND THE END 379

answer me with all speed, for 1 am quite distressed at having heard nothing from you.

So the social life of an interesting age is made articulate for us, and we find that human nature has not changed much through the centuries.1

In the Ptolemaic age a papyrus was made eloquent with the lamentation of a girl wife in her tomb. At fourteen she was married to the high priest of Ptah, and after giving birth to three daughters in succession she prayed for a son, and a son was born. Four brief years went past and then she died. Her husband heard her crying from the tomb, entreating him to eat and drink and be merry, because the land of the dead was a land of slumber and blackness and great weariness. ..." The dead are without power to move . . . sire and mother they know not, nor do they long for their children, husbands, or wives. ... Ah, woe is me! would I could drink of stream water, would I could feel the cool north wind on the river bank, so that my mind might have sweetness and its sorrow an end."

It is as if the soul of ancient Egypt, disillusioned in the grave, were crying to us in the darkness " down the corridors of time".

1 The translations are from Oxyrhynchut Papyri (Egyptian Fund) Parts 2 and 3.

Marked vowel* — ii, as in palm; a, as in late; e, as in he; g, as in her; ?, ae in sigh;

6, as in note; ii, as eiv in ««ti ; y, as in dye.

Aalu (a-a'loo), field of, 10.

Aasith (a-'a'sith), 312.

Ab, the will and desires, 87.

Ab-meri-ra, 186.

Abraham, 227, 272.

Abusir (ab-oo-ser'), sun temple at, 163 ;

lombs of, 172. Abydos, early tombsof, xliii, 36; crowded

cemetery of, 192, 196; Bes oracle at,

312. Accadiansas moon worshippers, xxxv w. Achseans (a-ke'ans) and swineherds,

66; as raiders, 348. Adon, xlv; Aton as, 331, 333. Adonis (a-do'nis), 311. Africa, lunar worship in Central, xxxvi. African deities, xxxiv. Agriculture, and flood, 25 ; Dynastic

Egyptians and, 36; and trade, 112,

113; Chief Treasurer and, 223. Ah (or a-ah), moon god, xxvii, xxviii,

xxix; as "moon of Thoth", II, 14 «.;

Theban family worshippers of, 280,

281; Anion and, 282, 283; Astarte

and, 310. Aha, King, 42, 83. Ahaz (a'haz), sundial of, 358;/. Ah-hotep, Queen, 276, 278, 280. Ah'mes of Ebana, 286; of El Kab, 277,

286, or Ah'mose. Ah'mes I, 273, 276; expels Hyksos,

277, 278; lunar name of, 280, 283;

Syrian stone workers of, 284; not

revered like son, 285.

Ah'mes II (Amasis), 373, 374-7. Ahura (a-hoo'ra) the dragon slayer, 341,

342Ai (eye), 337. Air of life, 188, 189, 200, 308; Aton

and the, 332; Amon-raand the, 332;/.,

333-

Aker (a'ker), earth lion, 75, 155 «., 168, 197.

Akhaivasha (a-kha-i-va'sha), 348.

Akhenaton (a-khen-a'ton), 199, 267; Aryan strain in, 318, 324; like Shelley, 325, 326 ; wars against Anion, 327 ; new capital of, 328 ; his message, 329, 330; hymn of, 331; Aton worship of, 332. 333. 334; Us idea of after-life, 335; art under, 336, 337, 343.

Alexander the Great, xx, xxiii, 377.

Alexandria, Serapis god of, 368, 377, 37S.

Alphabet, origin of, 41.

Alpine race, xlv, 32, 79, 80, 81, 257, 258, 260; lore of, in Cilicia and Scotland, 342, 348.

Amasis (a-ma'sis), 373-7.

Amen. See Anion.

Amenemhet 1 (a-men'em-het), 196; gods honoured by, 203 ; selects heir, 204 ; in Senuhet story, 207 et sea. ; " Amon leads", 221; the prophet and, 222, 223 ; Hittites in reign of, 227, 265 ; "Instruction" of, 204, 205, 218-20, 223.

Amenemhet II, 226, 239.

Amenemhet III, irrigation scheme ot, 223, 228, 229; Cretans and, 230, 233; a foreign type, 234, 235.

Amenemhet IV, 233.

Amenhotep (a-men-ho'tep), son of Hapi, 323 ; as a god, 377.

Amenhotep I, 277, 285.

Amenhotep II, 318; sacrifices in tomb of, 317, 346.

Amenhotep III, Mut and, 199, 267; his foreign mother, 318; marriage with Tiy, 319; a sportsman, 320; palace of, 321-2; temples of, 322-3; his "vocal Memnon ", 323; gloomy end of, 324, 327, 331, 336, 344, 349 n.

Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaton,

Ameni (a-men'ee), Lord Kitchener and, 223.

Amermenoids. See Alpine race.

Anion, 75; rise of, 196; his various forms, 197 ; Osiris-Sokar and, 197 n. ; Queen of, 199; Amenemhet I and, 203; kings and, 221, 229, 237, 251; lunar attributes of, 282 ; as corn god, 282 n. ; Osiris and, 284, 285; honoured by Ahmes I, 284, 287 ; praise of Thothmes III, 292, 316, 317; Tiy and priests of, 324, 326; Akhenaton's persecution of, 328; fall of, 336; worship revived, 337; not worshipped by Rameses I, 338; party of, 339, 345, 347; Libyan kings and, 355, 362, 364; high priestess of, 366.

Amon's wife, 285.

Amon-ra', king of gods, 81, 196, 197, 261, 282; other gods, forms of, 283; hidden abode of, 285 n. ; paradise of, 313; giver of breath, 332M., 339, 350; Rameses kings and, 353; Libyans and, 355 ; cast down, 364.

Amorites, Ilyksosand the, 262, 265.

Amulet, the serpent, 64.

Amulets, 313, 31 4.

Anak, sons of, xliii.

Anath (Anthat), 307, 311, 312.

Anglo-Israelites, 358 >i.

Angus, Celtic love god, 66, 203.

Animals, Hittite deities and, 260.

Animals, worship of, 62 ; good and evil spirits in, 63; as protectors and enemies, 64; tribal worship of, 64; pig as devil in Egypt and Scotland, 65, 66 n. ; pig exalted by Gauls, Achseans, &C. , 65, 66; Osiris boar and Set boar, 66, 67; mastery of herd, 67; love gods as boars, 68; eel abhorred in Egypt and Scotland, 69; Serapis or Apis bull, 69, 70; Osiris the bull, 71; corn bull in Europe, 71 ; Irish bull legend, 72; Isis cow, 72; hippopotamus, 73; the popular cat, 73 ; goose customs in Africa and Europe, 73, 74; gods as, 74, 75, 76; in Restoration period, 369.

Ankh, symbol of life, 12 et seq. ; Aton and, 353.

Anpu-Bata (an'poo-ba'ta), story, 45-57; Osirian myth in, 71, 335.

An'ta. See Anath.

Antef kings, 195.

Anubis (an-u'bis), xlv, 12, 23, 75 ; the dead and, 100; as sparrow -headed jackal, 369.

Anukt (an'ookt), negroid goddess, 115.

Anwyl, Professor, xxxi.

Ape of Thoth, 75; Osiris-Sokar as, 197.

Apep (a'pep), night serpent, solar cat kills, xlviii, 12, 75, 159, 160; the cat god and, 187; the cat goddess and, 191, 260, 340.

Apepa (a-pep'a), Hyksos king, 269; Theban revolt against, 274, 275, 280, 281.

Apet (a'pet), goddess of Thebes, xxxvi, 197, 199, 280, 281, 282.

Aphrodite (af-ro-di'te), 258; the "strange", 310; the Syrian, 311, 339.

Apis (a'pis), image of Osiris, 69; tomb of, 70; Fourth Dynasty worship of, <jon.; the rival of, 71, 198, 333, 367, 368 ; Cambyses slays, 376, 377.

Apries (Hophra; ap'ri-es), 372, 373.

Apura, the prophet, 222-3.

Arabia, sun goddess of, xxxix n. ; migration from, 257 ; moon god of, 259 ;

were llyksos from, 262, 264; Araiii.i'. in migration from, 527.

Arabians, 265, 365.

Arabic beliefs, "air" and "spirit", [88;

the giants or genii, I Si).

Aramaeans (ai am-S'ans), migration ot, 327; as Hittite allies, 343; Mitanni

and the, 344; revolt against llittites,

346, 358, 365. Architects, god of the, xxvii. Argus (ar'gus), ( ireck night demon, 300. Armenians, ancestors of, 258. Art, inspiration of religion, 113. Artatama I (ar-ta-ta'ma), King of Mitanni, 318, 323;/. Arthur [Celtic, art'hur), the Celtic giant,

xxx vii and ;/. Aryans (ar'ri-ans or a'ri-ans), beliefs of

regarding "air" and "spirit", 188;/.,

1 90 n. ; horse sacrifice of, 250 n. ; horse

tamed by, 264 ; Babylon invaded by,

266; in Mitanni, 267, 278, 279, 318;

as Hittite allies, 343, 365, 370. Asar-Hapi. See Serapis and Apis. Asenath (as'e-nath), daughter of Poti-

phera, xviii, 268. Ashtoreth (ash-to'reth) of the Zidonians,

310, 312, 317. Ashur, goddess of, 311; plundered by

Mitanni, 324;;., 344. Ashur-ban'ipal, Assyrian emperor, in

Egypt, 361, 362; revolt against, 365,

370. Ass, the solar, xlviii; the good and evil,

75 ; sacrifice of, 250. "Ass of the East", Assyrians call the

horse the, 264. Assar-haddon (as-sar-had'don), invasion

of Egypt by, 361; also rendered Esar-

haddon. Assouan (as-wan'), xliv; dam at, 224. Assyrians, xxiii; Hyksos and the, 256;

their name for the horse, 264, 265 ;

subject to Mitanni, 267, 268;Thothmes

III and, 292; Mitanni kings and, 344;

Egyptians and Hittites allies against,

346; Babylonia, &c, under, 357; ( 0 619 )

Babylonian revolt against, 35S; Sennacherib's army destroyed, 359 '">;

Back of Thebes by, 362; influence of in Kgypt, 364; driven from Delta, ]t>r-,; I 'irak up of empire of, 365, 370,

37'- Astarte, in Kgypt, 191 >/., 258, 307, 310,

3i '. 317, 339. 342, 3«4Astyages (as-ty'a-jez), King, 375. Atet (a'tet), wife of god Hershef, 191. Atlas Mountains, fair race of, 31. Atmosphere god: l'tah, Khnumu, and

Hershef as, 188; Ra as, 189; the

European, 190;/.; Khonsu as, 200;

Sutekh as, 238; Baal of Tarsus as,

307, 30S, 310 ; Osiris as, 367. Atmosphere goddesses, 190 n. Aton, the god, 322; first temple to, 327;

worship of, 328-30; Ra and, 331; at

birth, 332; as the "opener", 333;

Ra priests and, 334 ; souls and, 335 ;

Queen Tiy and, 336; temples of,

336; fall of, 337. Attis, xlv, 259.

Auditors of Pharaoh, 125, 126. Avaris (a-va'ris), city of, 255, 256, 273,

274.

Ba, soul, 87, 90, 101 ; of the gods and the Pharaohs, 162 n.

Baal (ba'al or bal), Mentu as, and Set as, 238, 259, 307, 308, 309, 310, 332; Rameses II and, 346.

Baal of Harran, a moon god, 307.

Baalath (ba'al-ath or bal-ath), "the lady", 307, 311.

Babies, charms to protect, 176; "dead men" injure, 177.

Babylon, fall of in Middle Kingdom, 234; "Maltese cross" in, 239 «.; revolt in, 361 ; captivity of Jews in, 372-3 ; Jehoiachin in, 372 ; sack of by Cyrus, 375, 376.

Babylonia, tin trade of, 231 ; in Hyksos Age, 256 ; Palestine and, 265 ; Hittites and Kassites invade, 266 ; Thothmes III and, 292; conquest of by

3*4

Assyria, 357; revolt in, 358; settlers

from in Samaria, 358. Babylonian seal in Egypt, 239. Babylonians, xxiii ; early Egyptians and,

35; Cyaxares and, 371. Bacchus, 1547*., 191. Bagdad, Hyksos and, 263. Bakhten (bak'ten), Prince of, story of

daughter's cure, 200 et seq. Balor (baw'lor), Irish night god, 300. Banebtettu (ba'-neb-tet"too), ram god of

Mendes, 189, 190; Osiris as, 190. Banshee, Neith as, 82. Barleycorn, John, Osiris as, 27-9. Bast, cat goddess, xxxvi, xxxviii, xxxix,

73, 189, 191, 197, 203, 282, 317; as

official deity, 355; as cat-headed hawk,

369Bata (ba'ta), 45-57; like Osiris, Attis,

and Adonis, 49 «. ; soul in blossom,

49-5°; wife created for, 51; soul lost,

53; soul in bull, 54; soul in trees, 55;

rebirth of as son of wife, 56 ; as king,

56. Battle of gods, 67, 187. Bedouins (bed 'wens) in Senuhet tale,

208 et seq.', Hyksos and the, 262,

264. Beetle god. See Khepera. Belshazzar (bel-shaz'zar), 375. Beni-Hassan tombs, 192, 226. Bent-rash, the possessed princess, story

of, 200 et seq. Zfa?zew^/"(ba-o-wulf), firedrakein, i6o». ;

monster and dragons in, 341 n. Berbers, 31. Bes, the god, 198, 312. Beth-she'mesh, Hebrew name of Helio-

polis, xviii. Birds, souls as, 90 n. See Ba. Birth, the royal, 105. Blondes in Egypt, Morocco, and Palestine, 31. Boann(bo'an), Irish river goddess, xxviii. Boar, Osiris as, 21; Frey as, 66; Set

as, 67; Adonis and Diarmid and,

67.

Boat of dead, 97; the ferryman of, 98.

Body, the Khat, 87.

Boghaz Koi, Hittite capital, 227.

Bona Dea, xxxvi.

Book of the Dead, 189, 199, 236, 313,

331Breasted, Professor, xx ; opinion of Ma-

netho, xx, 287, 331, 334, 335. " Bride, the ", of the Nile, 26. Britain, tin from for Egypt, 232. British Isles, religion of Stone Age in,

xlv. Britons, the ancient, 69. "Broad heads", xlv, 79, 81, 257. See

also Alpine face. Bronze, scarcity of, 230 ; ' ' rod of

Medum", 231. Bronze Age in Crete, 232. Brown, Major R. H., on Lake Mceris,

225. Bubastis (boo-bast'is), as capital, 355;

goddess of, see Bast. Budge, Professor, xxix, xxx, xxxv, 67,

168 «., 331 «., 332//., 335. Bull, the, in conflict, 70; worship of in

Egypt and Europe, 71; Hershefand,

190; Amon as, 198; Ra as, 199;

Osiris as, 368. Burden of Isis, trans, by Dennis, xxix «.,

et seq. Burial customs, crouched and extended,

92; dismemberment and mummies,

93 ; mummy rites, 94 ; funeral, 95 ;

offerings, 96, 102, 103 ; the mastaba,

106-9; in Empire period, 313, 315. Burns, Robert, his Osirian poem, 27-9. Bushmen, 30;*., 31. Buto (boo' to), goddess of, 189. See

Uazit. Byblos, Osiris and Isis at, 20, 21. Byron, 360, 375, 376.

Cackler, the Great, 74. See Goose. Cailleach Bheur (cal'yach voor), Scottish

Great Mother, xxxvii et seq., 258:

Astarte and, 311. Cairo, xlv.

INI1F.X

Calendar, defect of early, xxii; its Delta origin, .|^: lurks- and unluck) in, 63,

Cambyses (kam bl'sez), 376, 377.

Canaan, giants in, xlii, xliii.

Cannibalism, Unas hymn and, 167 ct

Caphtoi (Crete). 354//.

( lapp idocia(cap-pa d6'shi-a),xlv; deities

of, 258-9. Carchemish (kar'ke-mish), Thothmes

III captures, 292, 371. Carian mercenaries in Egypt, 365, 366,

373Cartouche (kar-toosh) as name charm,

3H-

Cat, the solar, xlviii ; the Great, as serpent killer, 187.

Cat god, the Irish, 73 ; Amon-ra as, 197.

Cat goddess, Nut as, 164; Atet as, 191. See Bast.

Cats, Egyptians fund of, 73; children in danger of, 177: mummies of, 369.

Cave dwellers of Palestine, 79, 80; " Fenisfa " as, 284.

Caves, artificial, in Palestine, xli ct seq., 315; Hittite deities of, 260; Set as "roaring serpent in", 1G6.

Celestial cow. See Cow.

Celts, the, nature spirits of, xxxi, 31 ; pig "taboo", 65, 66;/.; corn god of, 72; gods of as birds, 75; bansbee of, 82; mythical monsters of, 160;/.; "Great Mother" deity of, 189 (see Cailleach Bheur and Dame) ; love god of, 203, 267 ; tale of doomed prince, 300-1; beliefs of, 325.

Ceres (se'rez), Isis as, 154 11.

Chaldeans (kal-de'ans), 358, 365.

Chalko Sideric period, 351.

Champollion, Professor, xix, xx.

Chaos egg, Chinese myth, Si. See Egg, the Great.

Chaos goose, 74, 75. See Goose.

Charms, necklets as, 33; for babies, 176, 177; for the dead, 314; ear-rings

as, 314. See Amulets, Luck stones,

Scarabaus, Serpent stone. t IhSmosh (kS'mosh), god oi Moab, 310//. I heop . (kS'ops). See Khufu. ( Ihepren. See Khafra. Children of Israel. See Ilchicws. China, god of, like Plah, 81. ( hinese dragon, 159. Christ in Egypt, xviii; as Horus, 368. ( Ihristians, worship of Serapis by, 368. Christmas goose, 73-

Chronicles, Hezekiah, 358 «.

Chronology of ancient Egypt, xx ;

Egyptologists differ regarding, xxi ;

Cretan and Egyptian links, 230. Cilicia, gods of, 258 ; Typhon's cavern

in, 342. Cimmerians (kim-meer'e-ans), raids of,

365, 37o.

Cinderella story, 52.

Cleopatra, 377. [293.

Cleopatra's needle, xvii, xxiii, xxiv, 163,

Commerce and agriculture, 77, 112, 113.

Conscience, in dialogue of man with soul, 245.

Copper, early weapons of, 36, 41; Sinai colony works, 228, 230, 231.

Coptic Christians, tradition of regarding Christ, xviii.

Cord, the knotted, in Egypt and Scotland, 176.

Corn god, xxvii ; children sacrificed to, xl; as the boar, 66, 67, 68; as the bull, 71; Dagda (Irish god) as, 72; crocodile as, 73; cat as, 73; goose as, 73, 74; Anion as, 282 n., 363.

Cornwall, tin for Egypt from, 232.

Correspondence, family and business,

377-9Courts, the law, 305, 306. Cow, the celestial, Nut as, 10; the

sacred, 72. Cows, mummies of, 369; two mothers

of Osiris as, xxxii. Creation, story of, 1-14. Creator, the, xxix, xxx ; Central African

belief in, xxxiv.

3*6

Creatrix, the Egyptian, xxx; conception of, xxxiv; the Scottish, xxxvii.

Cremation, Isis and, 20;/.

Crete, evidence from, and Egyptian chronology, xxi, xxiii; serpent goddess of, xxxvi ; earliest settlers in, 32 ; ships of, 35; Middle Minoan invasion of, 230; tin trade of, 232; Thothmes III and, 292; Egyptian labyrinth and, 230, 234; serpent goddess of, 258; in Hyksos age, 263 ; art of, 320 ; sack of Knossos, 327 ; pirates of, 348 ; raiders from, 349; Philistines from, 350; as Caphtor, 354;;.

Crocodile, the, Osiris and, 22 «., 73; as protector and as enemy, 64; wax image of, 142 el seq. ; associated with Set, 166; worship of, 236; priests and the tame, 237, 238; in doomed prince story, 294 et seq.

Crocodilop'olis, 235.

Cromarty, Typhon's cave at, 342.

Cromm Cruaich (crom croo'ach — ch as in loch), Irish corn god, xl.

Cuchullin (koo-hool-in) saga, archaeological period of, 351 n.

Cupid (cu'pid), the Egyptian, xxvii, 200.

Cyaxares (si-ax'a-rez), 371.

Cyprus, xxiii, 231; goddess of, 258; Thothmes III and, 292 ; Amasis and,

375Cyrene, 374. Cyrus, King, 375, 376.

Dad, god, 261.

Dad, sky prop, 189; amulet, 314.

Dagda (dag'da), Irish corn god, xxviii,

xl, 66, 72. Danann (dan'an) gods of Ireland, xxxiv. Danaoi, 348.

Danauna (dan'a-oon-a), 348. Daniel, Book of, sack of Babylon, 375. Danu (da'noo), the Irish " Great

Mother", xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxvi, xl,

190 «., 258. Dashur jewellery, 239; significance of,

266.

David, 354, 356. Dead, judge of, Amon-ra as, 353 Dead, judgment of, 98-100, 173; man who feared, 245; in Empire period,

313Dead, salvation in Osiris for the, 363 ;

sufferings of the, in Duat, 1 57 et seq. ;

worship of the, 105, 106. Dedi, the magician, in folk tale, 146 et

seq. Deities, vast number of, in Egypt, xxiv;

"the rabble of", xxv; as enemies of

man, 67. Demeter and pig, 65, 154 w. Demotic (de-mot'ik) writing, xix, 369. Den, King, 43.

Deng, the (pigmy), 180; Bes as, 312. Denmark and spiral, 232. Dennis, J. T. , his Burden of his, xxix

n. , et seq. Der-el-Bahari (ba'har-ee), Mentuhotep

temple at, 230; Hatshepsut's temple

at, 288; Bes at, 312. Devil, Set as, 368. Dialogue of a man with his soul, 242

et seq. Diarmid and the boar, 67 ; Achilles

and Diarmid, 351 ;/. Dietrich (deet'reech: ch guttural), 342. Diodo'rus Sic'ulus, 26, 69, 236. Dionysos (dl-o-nl'zos) and the pig, 65. Divinity of kings, 105. \seq.

Dog, in doomed prince story, 294 et Dogs, gods as, to Amon-ra, 282 n. Domestic letters, 377-9. Doomed Prince, Story of, 294-301. Doves, Our Lady of Trees and, 258. Doves, the sacred, 75. Dragon, the Chinese, 159; various

types of, 340;/., 341 «.; the Hittite

and the European, 260. Dragon slayers. See Ahura, Beowulf,

Dietrich, Finn, Harfokrates, Hercules, Horns, Set, Siegfried, Sigurd,

Sutekh, Tarku, Thor. Dragon stories, Egyptian, Asiatic, and

European, 340 «., 341 n.

Draughts, game of in Egypt, 42.

Drinking customs, 304, 305.

1 drowning pool, 12.

1 >ruid, Christ as a, 368.

I »i\ cycli • in 1 [yksos Age, 257.

Dual (doo'at), 11-4; souls in, 157 tt

Dwarfish deities. See gods Khnumu

and Dwarfs. See the Khnumu (elves). Dynastic Egyptians, 35 ct seq.

Eagle, the doable-headed, 260.

Ear-rings as charms, 314.

Earth, god and goddess of, xl, 238.

Earth worship, Ptahand, i$$et seq.,22>\.

Ecclesiasles, serpent charming, 159.

Edda, xxxii.

Edfu, Horus of, 165. [112.

Education, schools in Memphis, III,

Eel, in Irish myth, 72; not eaten in Egypt and Scotland, 69.

Egg, the Great, the sun as, xlvii, 73, 187; of chaos, 114; soul hid in, 74; Chinese god in, 81; Anion's soul in, 197; Osiris and, 287, 367; Ptah maker of, 81; Ra in, 331; in Aton poem, 332 ; Amon-ra and, 332 ;/. ; Aton and, 335.

Elam, Kassites and Aryans from, 266; Medes invade, 365, 370; "Maltese cross " from, 239 n.

Elamites, 358, 365.

Eliakim (e-ll'a-kim), 371.

El Kab lords, 277.

Elves, the Egyptian. See Khnumu and rtah.

Ennead (en'e-ad) of Heliopolis, 162.

Erman, 176.

Esarhaddon (e-sar-had'don). See Assarhaddcn.

Ethics, 98-100, 103, 104; tomb confessions, 156, 157; in Empire period,

3!3\ Ethiopia, Thebans flee to, 362.

Ethiopian kings, 357, 358.

Etruscan jewellery, 239.

Eudoxus in Egypt, xviii. Europe, lunar worship in, xxvi; early religion in, xlv.

Eusebius (1. 56'bi-US), xx, 333//.

Evans, I >r., xxi.

Evil eye, 176;/., 177; charms fur, 314. Exodus, Book of, jewellery in, 239;

Egyptian bread, 304. Exodus, the period of the, 272 et seq. Eye of Horus. See Horns eyes. Eye of Osiris, 367. Eye of Ra, Hathor and Sekhet as, 8;

Kadcsh as, 112. Eyes of Ptah, sun and moon as, xli. Ezekiel (e-zc'ki-el), prophecy regarding

Egypt's princes, xxiv.

Earner (faf-ner), the dragon, 341. Fairies as nature spirits, xxxi. Family letters, 377-9. Fates, the seven Hathors, xxx; of the

Pelasgians, xxxi n. Father, the Great, xl; Ptah as, xli;

husband of the Great Mother, xliv;

at Ibreez, xlv; Ra as, xivi ; Nu as, 1,

67; Khnumu as, 114; Ptah Tanen

as, 155; the Teutonic, 189; Hershef

as, 188, 203, 258, 259, 260, 261, 281,

282 ; Baal and Sutekh as, 308 ; in the

Restoration period, 367. Father and mother spirits, xxx, xxxi,

xxxiii; at creation, 1; Anion and the,

196. Fayum (fi-oom'), reclamation scheme in

the, 224; sun god of the, 238. Feline deities. See Cat, Lioness,

Astarte, Bast, Tefnut, Sekhet. Female origin of life, xxxiii. Fenish, the, of Palestine, 284. Fenkhu (fen'koo), the stone workers,

284. Festivals, ploughing and harvest, xxvii. Feudalism, rise of nobles, 171 et seq.;

Egypt divided, 182, 183, 184; nome

wars, 196; Senusert's reforms, 226;

after Twelfth Dynasty, 253; Joseph

and, see Joseph.

Fiery flying serpent, 191. See Serpents. Finn-mac-Coul, 341, 341 n. Fire drake, 160 «., 340;/., 341 n. Fish, as food of animal gods, 76; mother

of Mendes and, 191; offerings of to

Khnumu, 74; the sacred, 68, 69//.;

festival of the, 69; mummies of, 369. Folk tales, see Anpu Bata; of fifty

centuries, 142; of Hyksos war, 273

etseq. ; of thedoomed prince, 294-301;

of the possessed princess, 200 et seq. ;

Psamtek and the Oracle, 365-6. Frey (fri) and the boar, 66. Freyja (fri-ya) a feline deity, xxxvi,

191 n. Frog, the sacred, 75. Frog god, Anion as, 197. Frog goddess. See Hekt. Fugitive Prince, The (Senuhet) Story of,

207 et seq.

Gander, the chaos. See Goose. Garstang on Hyksos period, xxi, 234 n. ,

239 n. Gauls, serpent stone of, 64 ; sacred pig

of, 65 ; swineherds honoured by, 66. Gaza, Hanno, prince of, 357. Genesis, Book of, "silver cup", 304;

shepherds, 304 n. ; Joseph story, 26S ;

seven years of famine, 270 et seq. ;

idols and ear-rings, 314. Genii, xlviii, 189. See Giants. Gentiles, worship of Serapis by, 368. George III and Rosetta Stone, xix. George the Syncellus, xx. German'icus at Thebes, 316. Gezer, Senusert III at, 227 ; in Twelfth

Dynasty, 265, 266 ; prince of, 273 ;

given to Solomon, 355. Ghosts as enemies of man, 67;/., 176,

177. Giants, Arthur of Round Table, xxxvii

n. ; Ptah, xli ; in Palestine, xlii, xliii ;

of mountains, xlviii, 189 ; in tale of

doomed prince, 299, 301. See

Genii. Goddesses, number of, xxiv, xxv;

sisters of Osiris and mothers of, xxii,

xxiii; as enemies of man, 67. See

Cailleach Bheur. Gods, number of, xxiv, xxv ; statesmen

who became, see Imhotep and Amen-

hotep, son of Hapi. Golden Age of Egypt, 22 1 et seq. Golden Bough, 37»., 66. Goose, the chaos, its sun egg, xlvii;

Seb, Amon-Ra, and Isis as, xlviii;

"taboo" in Africa and Europe, 73;

as corn god, 73. Goshen, land of, Hebrews in, 271. Goths, 31.

Great Father. See Father. Great Mother. See Mother. Greeks, 267, 369, 370, 374. Grenfell and Hunt, 377 et seq.

Hadad, 261.

Hades, Egyptian and Babylonian, 161,

187, 188. Hadrian, 368.

Haiu (ha-ee'oo), the night serpent, xlviii. Hamath, King of, 357. Hamlet myth, earliest form of, 22. Hammer god. See Ptah. Hammer goddess. See Cailleach Bheur. Hammurabi (-a'bi), 172; Hittites overthrow dynasty of, 266. Hamti, story of, 126 et seq. Hapi (ha'pee), Nile god, fusion of Osiris

and Isis, 27. Hare god, 75. Harem conspiracies, 179; Amenemhet I

and, 204. Harmachis (har-ma'kis), 164. See also

Ra-Harmachis. " Harper, Lay of", 246, 247. Harpokrates (har-pok'ra-tez), Bes and,

312; as "god of silence", 340. Harran, the Baal of, 307. Harvest animal myths, 73, 74. See

Animals, worship of. Harvest moon, xxvi. Hathor (hat-hor), Ishtar and, xxx, xxxvi;

as eye of Ra, 8; made drunken, 9;

displaces Nut as sky deity, 10;/.; 1 of, 25; Narmer and, 38, 72, 112; frog goddess and, 115; Khufu Worship!, 138, 1O4, 191, 197, 199; Sin. 11

temple to, 228; crocodile ^<>d and, 236, 281; Thothmes III and, 293,

311. 3i7, 347-

Hathors, the Seven (fates), xxx. la Anpu-Bata story, 51, S7"-'< indoomed prince story, 294.

Ilati, the heart, 87. See Heart.

Hatshepsut (bat-shep'soot), Queen, on Ilyksos, 254-5. 262, 263, 269; chosen as heiress, 287; the "female Horus ", 288 ; reign and works, 289, 291 ; god Besat birth of, 312; priests and, 317, 339; her reign a misfortune, 326.

Hawes on Cretan and Egyptian dating, xxi.

Hawk, Horus as, 75 ; Ilershef and the, 190; Anion and the, 198; Khonsu as, 203; Khnumu and the, Bast and the, 369.

Heart, " Hati " the, 87; weighing of, 100; charm for, 313; as the mind, 81 n.

Hebrews, "air" and "spirit", 188; Abraham in Egypt, 227 ; in Hyksos age, 254, 265, 267, 272; "sigh for Egypt", 304; their ear-rings as charms, 314; as the Khabri, 327, 328, 329; Egyptian campaign against, 349; Philistines overlords of, 353, 354; Shishak and the, 355; Jeroboam's flight, 355 ; King Hoshea, 357 ; Ten Lost Tribes, 357-8; Necho overlord of, 371 ; deported to Babylon, 372; return from captivity, 376.

Hector of Troy, 351.

Heimdal (him-dal), xxxii.

Hekt, the frog goddess, xxxvi, 75, 114, 115, 138, 148 e/i-^., 198.

Heliopolis (he-li-op'ol-is), "Cleopatra's needle " at, xvii ; Moses, Joseph, and Christ at, xviii; the "fathers" and "mothers" of, xxx, xlvi; theology

of, 155; Osirian cult and, 162; temple population, 172; Senuserl's temple at, 226; Hyksos and, 269; Thothmes III records at, 293; Aton of, 331 6j Thebes and, 338-9.

Hephsestos as Ptah, 81 «.

Heracleopolis (her-ak'le-op"ol-is) in Feudal Age, 185; as capital, 186; Libyans at, 353, 355.

Heracleopolis, Magna, theology of, 186; myths of, 186-8; Ptah-like god of,

187, 192.

Hercules, 259, 260, 340, 342.

Hermes, 300.

Herod, xviii.

Herodotus (her-od'o-tus), xxxi, xxxix, 25, 66, 69, 70, 75, 93, 136, 139, 140, 141, 181, 191, 229, 236;/., 237, 253, 310, 316, 325, 362, 363, 365, 370,

372, 373. 374. 376. Hershef (her-shef) like Ptah and Khnumu, xli; god of Heracleopolis,

188, 189; animal heads of, 190; wife of, 191; Khonsu and, 200, 229, 355. Also rendered Hor'shaf.

Hesp (nome), 31 n.

Hezekiah (hez-e-kl'ah), King of Judah, allies of, 358 ; Assyrians war against,

359Hidden One, the, Neith as, xxxv, 235 ;

Isis as, 192; Anion as, 197, 285 «.,

Osiris-Sokar as, 197 n.; Osiris as, Seb

as, 367, 368. Hierakonpolis (hi-er-a-kon'pol-is), xliv. Hieratic (hi-er-at'ik) script, xix, in. Hieroglyphics (hl-er-o-glifiks), xix, xx,

4i, 369Ilildebrand (heel'de-brant), 342. Hippopotami as Set's followers, 166. Hippopotamus goddess, xxxvi; Isis as,

72, 73 > Hyksos oppose worship of,

274, 280. Hittites (hit'lt), Cleopatra's needle and,

xxiii ; sun goddess of early, xxix n. ;

racial types of, 32 ; King Khattusil,

161; Prince of Bakhten King of, 200;

in Twelfth Dynasty, 227; Senusert III

39°

and, 234; Sutekh god of, 235; religious influence of, 236, 238, 239, 258; races in confederacy of, 258; deities of, 259, 260, 261; was Iiyksos tribute for? 262; Babylon raid, 266; in Palestine, 265; in Egypt, 266; as overlords, 271; Thothmes III and, 292; the Baal of, 309, 310; goddesses of, 311; southern drift of, 327; Set and, 340; relations of with Egypt, 342, 343; Mitanni empire divided by, 344; Rameses II wars against, 344 ; battle at Kadesh, 345-6 ; treaty with Egypt, 346-7; empire of breaks up, 348, 370. See also Khela.

Homer, 348, 351; archaeological period of, 351 n.

Hophra, Pharaoh, 372, 373.

Hordadef (hor-da'def), in folk tale, 146 et set}.; in "Lay of the Harper", 246.

Horemheb (hor'em-heb), 337, 338.

Horite religion, 104, 163, 166, 186.

Horse introduced into Egypt, 264; Aryans and horse, 266; Bible evidence, 270, 271 ; Egyptian successes and, 278.

Horus (ho'rus), elder and younger, 163, 166.

Horus (ho'rus), son of Isis, xlv; the sun babe, xlvii; obtains sun and moon, 6; exalted by Ra, 7; in the underworld, 13; birth of, 19; as Hamlet, 22; conflict with uncle, 22, 23; worshippers of, 36; the moon myth, 37 n. ; hawk of, 38; in Sais, 39, 40; the black pig legend, 65; Set destroys eye of, 68, 75, 82 ; the dead and, 100; "image of his sire", 105, 162; forms of, 163, 164; in "Winged Disk" legend, 165 et seq.; the son of Ra, 166, 187, 188, 192, 198, 200, 236; Bes and, 312; as Christ, 368; as Harpokrates, 340.

Horus, the Female, Hatshepsut as, 288.

" Horus eyes", 314.

Hoshea (ho'she-a), King of Israel, 357.

Human sacrifice, 168 n. ; in tomb of Amenhotep II, 317.

Hunter's moon, xxvi.

" Husband of his mother", xlv; Pharaoh as, 105 ; Seb as, 105, 203, 236, 237 Anion as, 282 ; Osiris as, 368.

Hydra (hi'dra), 260; Hercules slays 342.

Hyksos (hik'sos), the, identity contro versy, 254; conquest of Egypt, 255 256, 257; gods of, 258, 261; Hittite control of, 262, 263; horse introduced by, 264, 266, 367; Joseph and, 268 culture of, 269, 270; decline of power of, 271, 272; cause of Egyptian revolt 273, 274; war against, 275, 276; ex pulsion of, 277, 278, 279, 302, 337 340-

Hyksos period, divergent views as to length of, xxi.

Ian (e-an), Hyksos king, 263.

Ianias (e-an-e'as), Hyksos king, 263.

Iberians (I-be'ri-ans), 32 ; banshee of, 82.

Ibis as Thoth, 75.

Ibreez (e-breez), cliff sculptured at, xlv.

Ice, Egyptian references to, 161, 161 n.

Iliad (\\'\-?l<1), 351; archaeology of, 351 n.

Illahun (ill'a-hoon), plan of, 226.

Ilu-bi'di, King of Hamath, 357.

Imhotep (im-ho'tep), architect of Zoser, no, 119; in "Lay of the Harper", 246 ; exalted as a god, 369.

Imuthes (im-oo'tbes). See Imhotep.

India, serpent worship in, 64 «. ; Ptahlike artisans of, 80; Aryan invasion of, 267.

Indo-European people, 266. See Aryans.

Indra, Aryan god of Mitanni, 267.

Intemperance, 304, 305.

Inundation, xxii; Isis as, xxxvi; ceremonies, 24 et seq.

Ionians (I-o'ne-ans) in Nineveh, 358; as mercenaries in Egypt, 365, 366,

373Irania (ir-an'ia), migrations from, 266.

Irani. mi gods of Miianni, 267.

Ireland, children sacrificed in, xl;

Mediterranean beliefs: in, xlv; spiral

in, 232. Irish Imll myth, 72.

Irish wind goddess, 190//.

Iron, "the Metal of Heaven", 230, 231.

Iron Age, 35 1 ; Hebrews and, 354.

Irrigation, Lake Mieris scheme, 224, 225.

Isaiah (I-zI'a or I-za'ya), sacrifice of children, \xxix, xl ; the "worm", 160; Leviathan, 161 «.; the fiery flying serpent, 191 «.; "burden of Egypt", 352> 353: Hezekiuh, 358;/., 360; prophet and statesman, 360.

Ishtar (ish'tar), xxx, 311, 324, 344.

Isis (I'sis), xxviii, xxxii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xxxix, xlv, xlvi, xlviii; daughter of Seb and Nut, 2 ; her serpent, 3 ; plot to equal Ra, 2-6 ; in the underworld, 13; as a queen, 15; finds barley and wheat, 16; stronger than Set, 16; search for body of Osiris, 18; birth of son Horus, 19; in Byblos, 20; cremation ceremony, 20?/.; recovers body of Osiris, 21 ; buries fragments of Osiris, 22; lamentation of, 23; associated with agriculture, 24; tears of causes inundation, 25 ; star of, 25 ; as corn spirit, 26; "made a male", 27, 33; as Neith, 39 ; tribe of, 40, 64 ; as "Mother of Mendes", 68, 91; animal forms of, 72; Sati and, 115, 141; as Demeter, 154, 161; Horus child and, 163, 164, i68«., 189, 191; in Mendes, 192, 199; Usert and, 238, 281, 311, 366; worship of in Europe, 368.

Island of enchantment, story of, 248-

51.

Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tez), 63, 91 n. Isosi (i-soo'see), King, 172. Israel, children of, see Hebrews; kingdom of, 354, 357.

I-m 1..1I ;i . Anubis, 75.

Jacob, 77, 272; condemns idols and ear-rings, 314.

Jacob-hei or Jacob-el, 271.

Jehoahaz (je h6'a baz), 371.

Jehoiachin (je-hoi'a-kin) deported to Babylon, 372.

Jehoiakim (je-hoi'a-kim), 371, 372.

feremiah, serpent charming, 159; reference to Crete, 354 it.; Zedekiah's revolt, 372; the Captivity, 373 ; flight of Egyptians, 371 ; warns Jehoiakim* 372; condemns "Queen of Heaven" worship, 356.

Jeroboam, revolt of, 356.

Jerusalem, Josiah's death, 371 ; goddess worship in, 356; Egyptians sack, 356; surrender of by Jehoiachin, 372; sack of, 372; the "wonder" at, 358 n.

Jewel, the green, story of, 144.

Jews, worship of Serapis by, 368. See Hebrews.

Jonathan, 354.

Joseph, xviii, 133, 302, 304; as grand vizier, 268; his statesmanship, 269, 270, 271, 272. (,M^

Joseph and Mary in Egypt, xviii.

Josephus, xx ; on Ilyksos, 254, 271, 277, 278.

Josi'ah, King of Judah, 371 ; Zedekiah, son of, 372.

Judah, kingdom of, 354, 358; proEgyptians in, 360; Necho and Josiah, 371 ; Jehoiachin captivity, 372; end °f> 373 > return from captivity, 376.

Judges, Book of, Ashtaroth, 310 ; Chemosh thy god, 310 n.

Judges of Egypt, 305, 306.

Judgment of dead, 98-100, 173; enacted at Abydos, 192 ; in Empire period, 313.

Julius Africanus (ju'li-us af-ri-ka'nus), xx.

Jupiter and Horus, 164.

Justice, hall of, 98-100.

Juvenal (joo've-nal), 62.

Ka (spirit), 87; beliefs regarding, 88; dread of, 89; in grave, 92; mummy and, 93; of Osiris in king, 104; Pharaoh worships his own, 105; gods' and Pharaohs', 162 n.\ food for, 107.

Kadesh (goddess), 307, 310, 312.

Kadesh, city of, Thothmes III captures, 292; Seti I before, 344; battle of with RamesesIT, 345-6; battle scenes of in temple, 347-8 ; Necho captures,

371Karnak (kar'nak), temples of, 285 ;

colonnaded hall at, 339. Kassites in Babylon, 266. Keltoi (Celts), 348. Khabri (kab'ree), Hebrews as, 273 ;

wars of, 327, 328, 329. Khafra (kaf'ra) in folk tale, 138, 139,

140, 142. Khasekhemui (ka-sek-hem'oo-ee), xliv,

84. Khat, 87. Khattusil (kat'toos-il), King of the Hit-

tites, alliance of with Rameses II, 161,

346-

Khaybet, shadow, 87, 90.

Kheftiu (kef-teu), 327, 349 n.

Khep'era, xlvi ; symbol of resurrection and sun, xlvii, 1, 5, 13, 161, 162.

Kheta (ket'a). See Hittites.

Khetasar (khet'asar). See Khattusil.

Kheti (ket'ee), son of Tefaba, 193, 186.

Khian (kee'an), Hyksos king, 263. See also Ian and lamas.

Khnumu (knoo'moo) (elves or dwarfs), xxxi ; helpers of Ptah, 80, 82 ; service to the dead, 237.

Khnumu (the god), xli; deity of stone workers, xliv, xlvii; makes Bata's wife, 5 1 ; soul of in egg, 74 ; stone workers and, 114, 115; guardian of Khufu, 137; fusion with Ra and Osiris, 137-8; in Khufu folk tale, 148 et seq.; a wind god, 188-9; a ram god, 190, 200, 226; in famine legend, 272; Anion and, 283, 308, 317, 333; as ram -headed hawk, 369.

Khnumu-ho'tep, 226.

Khonsu (kon'soo), the god, lunar and other attributes, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, 66, 68, 281, 282; "The Beautiful One", 203; Hittite king and, 347; in Unas hymn, 169; son of Anion and Mut, 199; Oracle of, 200; Prince of Bakhten and, 200 et seq.

Khorassan (kor-as'san) tin, 231.

Khu (koo), 87, 89, 90.

Khufu (koo'foo), no, 115, 133, 134,

135. l36> l37, 138, 139. MO, 172,

182, 186, 255, 316, 368; in folk tales,

142 et seq., 155. King and Hall, xxi, 286. King of the gods, Anion as, 282. Kings, Book of, Rimmon the god, 259;

Baal, 309; Ashtoreth, 310; Solomon

and Egypt, 354; Jeroboam and Reho-

boam, 356; So, King of Egypt, 357;

Sennacherib's army destroyed, 359;

the Captivity, 361; King Josiah, 371;

Babylonian advance, 372 ; Hebrews

deported, 372. Kings, divinity of, 105, 106. Kitchener, Lord, 223. Knef (Kneph). See Khnumu. Kneph, 308, 333. See Khnumu. Knossos (nos'sos), Hyksos and, 263 ;

sack of, 327; mazy palace of, 230. Kurds (koords), 258.

Labyrinth (lab'i-rinth) of Egypt, xxiv;

description of, 229, 238. " Lady of Horses", Astarte as, 311. "Lady of the Heavens", 115, 199.

See also Queen of Heaven. Lady of Turquoise, Hathor as, 281. Lake, Queen Tiy's, 322. Lake Moeris, 224, 225. Lament of girl wife in tomb, 379. Lane, E. W., 25, 159 11. Law and religion, xxxiii. Law courts, 305, 306. Lawyers, god of, xxvii. " Lay of the Harper ", 246, 247. Leap year not in old calendar, xxij.

i .<i. i|)'o!i ., Horns of, 164. Otters, family, 377-9.

Leviathan (le vl'a-than), 161 ;/.

Libyans, 31, 39, 40, 205; sea 1 and, 348; Sheshonk king, 355, 371; in Egyptian army, 351.

Life, air of, 188, 189; male and female, 1 of, xxxiii et seq.

Lion, the earth god as, 75.

Lioness deity. See Te/iiitt,Mut,Sekhet, and Feline itci/ies.

London, Memphis compared with, 78.

"Long heads", 79, 257. See Mediterranean race.

Love god, Celtic Angus as, 66; animal form of, 68 ; Khonsu and Angus, 203.

Love songs, 57-61.

Luck stones, 314.

Lucky and unlucky days, 63.

" Lucky pig", 68.

Lugh (loo), Irish dawn god, 300.

Lunar goddess, Astarte as, 311; Kadesh as, 312.

Lunar gods, xxvii. See Moon god.

Lunar pig, Osiris and Set myth, 65, 66, 67, 68; Horus and, 65 n.

Lunar worship, earlier than solar, xxv ; in Africa and Europe, xxvi; in Central Africa, xxxv ; in Accad, xxxv n. ; Dynastic Egyptians and, 37 ; Horus and, 65 n. ; in Empire period, 281 ; Anion and, 282 ; foreign goddesses and, 310, 311, 312.

Lycians, 348.

Lydia, King Gyges of, 365, 370; Egypt and, 375.

Lydians, 371.

Ma goddess, xlv, 258.

Maadit (ma-a'dit) boat, xxviii, 161.

Maat (ma'at), goddess of truth, 100.

Maau (ma-a'oo), cat goddess, 191.

Macalister, Professor, xli, xlii, xliii, 41 n. , 265. [232.

Mackenzie, Dr. Duncan, early tin trade,

Magic and religion, ceremonies of riddance, mummy and soul, 93, 106;

wax images in Egypt and Scotland,

160; baby charms, 176, 177; charms

for the dead, 314. Male origin of life, xxxiii. " Maltese cross" in Egypt, 239; Ela-

mite origin of, 239 ». Manes (ma'nez) (demigods), 180. Manetho, xx, xxi, 82, 83, 114, 181,

226, 253, 254, 255, 261, 263, 264,

273. 277, 278. Mariette, 70. Market scenes, 123, 124. Mars, the planet, Horus as, 164. Maspero, 34 n. Mastabas (mas'ta-ba) in Egypt and

Palestine, xlii, 106, 107, 108, 109,

135-

Matarieh (ma-ta-re'eh), xviii. Matriarchal beliefs, xxxiii et seq. Mattaniah (mat-ta-nl'ah) (Zedekiah),

372. Maxims of Ptah-hotep, 172 et seq. Medes, 365, 370, 375. Medinet Habu, sea raid record at,

350. Mediterranean race, deities of, xxx,

xxxiv, xxxv; in Asia Minor, xlv, 30;/. ;

origin of, 31 ; distribution of, 32, 41;

folk beliefs of, 189, 257, 258; lunar

worship of, 281. Megiddo (me-gid'do), Thothmes III

captures, 290; King Josiah slain at,

371-

Melkarth (mel'kart), 307.

Memnon (mem'non), the Vocal, 323.

Memphis (mem'fis), xxxii, Great Father of, xli, xliii; Mena tradition regarding, 42 ; names of, 78 ; as the capital, 83 et seq.; schools in, III, 112; a day in, 1 16 et seq.; earth worship in, 155; in Feudal Age, 185-6; chief treasurer at, 223; as Hyksos capital, 255; Thoth, son of Ptah, at, 282; Thothmes III and, 293; Ah and Astarte worshipped at, 310; Aton temple at, 336; son of Rameses II high priest at, 348; princes of, 360;

Assyrian victory at, 361 ; in Restoration period, 366; Psamtek and, 370;

Greek garrison of, 374; Persians

occupy, 376. Memphis, deities of. See Ah, Aphrodite, Astarte, Imitthes, Ptah, Ptah-

Osiris, Ptah - Sokar, Ptah ■ Tanen,

Serapis, Sokar. Mena (men'a), his temple to Ptah, xli,

xliii, 38; unites Egypt, 39, 40, 42,

82, 114; line of, ends, 178. Mendes, the god of, xli, 189, 190; the

goddess of, 68, 191. Menelaus (men-e-la'us), 351, 370. Mene-ptah (men'ep-ta"), King, 273, 348 ;

first sea raid, 349. Menkaura (men-kow'ra), King, 140. Mentu (men'too), a war god, 190, 198,

236 ; Baal and, 238. Mentu-hotep (men'too ho'tep), mazy

temple of, 230. Mentu-hotep kings, 195, 196. Mentu-ra, war god, 199. Menu, the Egyptian, 304. Mercenary soldiers, 306. Merenra I (mer-en-ra), 180. Merenra II, deposed king, 181. Meri-ka-ra, King, 193. Meritensa (meri-ten-sa), story of, 126

et sea. Merodach-Baladan (me-ro-dak bal'a-

dan), revolt of, 358; letters of to

Hezekiah, 358 ;/. Mersekhnet(mer-sek'net), the "mother",

191. Meshwesh Libyans, 355, 31 «., 353. Meskhent (mes-kent), 148 et seq. Mesopotamia, Aryans in, 267. Michaelmas goose, 73. Midgard (mid'gard) serpent, 160, 161 ;

as dragon, 341 n. Migrations, dry cycles cause, 257. Min, 75; Khnumu and, 114; absorbed

by other gods, 190, 198, 283, 310. Mind, Ptah god of, 81 ; Thoth god of,

82. Minerva, 374.

Mitanni (mi-tan'ee), kingdom of, 261 ; Assyria subject to, 267., 278, 286, 289; Thothmes III wars against, 290, 292; in doomed prince story, 295 et seq.; monarchs of, 318, 323, 323 »., 324, 327, 342; divided by rivals, 344.

Mithra (mith'ra), Aryan god of Mitanni, 267.

Mnevis (nvne-vis), bull of Heliopolis, 7i-

Moabites, Chemosh god of, 310 «.

Mock fights at temples, 70.

Mceris, Lake, irrigation scheme, 224; Strabo describes, 225.

Mohammedans, traditions of regarding Christ, xviii.

Mongols, 258.

Moon, the "Harvest " and " Badgers' ", xxvi; as "Eye of Ptah", xli; Horus obtains the, 6 ; Serapis myth and the, 69, 259 ; Seti I as the, 343.

Moon Child, Osiris as, xxviii, xxix, 37; son of Great Mother, 68; son of night, 281.

Moon Egg, Ptah maker of the, 81.

Moon god, as corn spirit, xxvii; the archaic, xxix ; the African, xxx ; the Arabian, 259; father of Apis, 69, 368. See Ah, Anion, Baal of Harran, Khonsu, Osiris, Sin, and Thoth.

Moon goddess, Aphrodite as, 310; Astarte as, An that as, 311; Kadesh as, 312.

Moon pig, 65;/., 66, 68.

Moon worship. See Lunar worship.

Moschoi (mos'koi), 350.

Moses, xviii, xlii, 272, 273.

Mother, the Great, xxxii; in Ireland, xxxiii; early worship of, xxxiv; Isis, Neith, and Nut self-created, xxxv; in Egypt, Asia Minor, Crete, Cyprus, Rome, and in Norse mythology, xxxvi; in Scotland, xxxvii; Sekhet as, xxxviii, xxxix, xl; wife of Great Father, xliv ; at IbreeZj xiv ; Hathcr and Nut, 10; as earth mother, 67;

Mut as moon mother, 68; He!

115; Satias, 115; Nut and Isis, 164;

the Celtic, 189 1 \i< 1 .1 , [91; unmoral lites in WOl ihip of, 19a ; Mm

[99; Thoth and Khonsu and Ueei . in ^sia Minor, 258

60; hippopotamus as, 2S0; night ;io, 311.

Mother and Father spirits, xxx, xxxi, \wiii : al Creation, 1; Anion and, 196.

" Mothers", the, in Egypt and Europe, xxxi; in Khufu folk tale, 14& el sey. ; as Fates, sec Hathors, The Seven.

Mountain deities of Hittites, 260.

Mountain giants. SeeGiantsaxid Genu.

Mouse, serpent goddess as, 19, 75-

Muller, W. M., on tin trade, 231.

Mummies of animals, 369.

Mummy, the "Sahu", 87; beliefs connected with, 93 ; how prepared, 94, 95. See Burial customs.

Mungo Park, xxxiv.

Muski, 350.

Mut (moot), " the mother", 68; as vulture, 75, 199, 281, 282.

Mutallu (moo-tal'loo), Hittite king, 344; battle with Rameses II, 345-6.

Mycerinus (my-ker-I'nus). See Menkaura, 140, 141.

Mylitta (ml-leet'ta), 311.

Mythology, study of, xxv.

Naharina (na-har-een'a), in tale of doomed prince, 295 el sea.

Nahum, 362, 370.

Name, Ran the, 87, 90, 91.

Naming ceremony, 91.

Nana, xlv.

Napata (na-pa'ta), 317, 360;/.

Napoleon and Rosetta Stone, xix, xxiii.

Narmer (nar'mer), 38, 39.

Nature spirits, primitive groups of, xxx; in Europe, xxxi ; fairies as, xxxi.

Naucratis (no'kra-tis), 374.

Naville, 331 n. [373-

Nebuchadnezzar (neb-u-kad-nez'zar),

I Nebuchadrezzai (n< b D lead rez'zai ), King of Babylon, 371, 372, i73-

Necho I (nel o), 370.

Necho II, a Biblical Pharaoh, ;7> ; d of, 371 ; Africa circumnavigated in reign <>(,

Necho ol Sais, Assyrian governor, 561.

Neheb-kau (ne-heb-ka'oo), serpen! goddess, 191.

Neitli (ne-ith) as "Great Mother", xxxv, xl ; attributes of, 39; King Aha honours, 43; "the Green Lady", 82, 189, 191, 199; as mother of crocodile god, 235; Usert and, 238, 258; as official deity, 366, 374.

Neith-ho'tep, wife of Mena, 39.

Nekhebat (ne-keb'at), 75, 199.

Nep-thys (nep'this), cow mother of Osiris, xxxii, xlv, xlvi ; as a serpent, 13; as daughter of Seb and Nut, 2; laments for Osiris, 23, 72, 148 ^.sr^., 162, 311.

Neshi (ne'she), the negro king, 253.

Neter (God), Dr. Budge on, xxix; an early conception, 307.

Newberry on Hyksos period, xxi, 234 «.,

239 »■

Nibelungenlied (nee ' be - lung - en - leet),

168 n. Nifel-hel, 161 ;/. Night, Mother of, 281. "Night of the Drop", 26. Night serpent. See Apep and Haiti. Nile, Ptah and, xli ; Hapi, god of, 27. Nile flood, Isis as, xxxvi, 24 el sea. Nineveh, goddess of sent to Egypt, 324;

Theban gods carried to, 361 ; "the

bloody city", 362; fall of, 370, 371. Nitocris (nee-tok'ris), Queen, vengeance

of, 181. No (Thebes), 197, 362. Nome, or hesp, 31. Noph, Memphis as, 78; Napata as,

360 11. Norse deities, xxxii; wind goddess,

190 n. Nu, god of the deep, 1; Ra mightier

39^

than, 7, 9, II, 14. Also rendered N&n.

Nu (Thebes), 196, 237, 367. See also No.

Nu-Amon (Thebes), 197.

Nubia, conquered by Thothmes I, 286; theocracy of, 356 ; Cambyses in, 376.

Nubians, types of, 31 ; campaigns against, 180; Amenemhet I smites the, 203.

Numbers, Egyptian diet, 304.

Nut (noo-it) as Great Mother, xxxv, xl, xlv; at Creation, 2, 7, 9; as mother of Ra, 14 ; as the cow goddess, 72, 115, 138, 161, 164, 199, 237, 280, 281. Also rendered Niint.

Odin (o'din), 190 n.

Odyssey, The, 370.

Olympians as sources of good, 63.

On, 162. See Beth-shemesh, Heliopolis, and Matarieh.

Oracle, the, of Anion, Apis (Serapis), Sebek, Uazit, Bes, and Sphinx, 198; of Khonsu, 200; of Anion favours Thothmes III, 287; of Bes, 312; of Amon-ra, 353; in Nubia, 356; Psamtek's rise and, 366 ; Necho warned by, 372.

Origin of life, rival theories regarding, xxxiii et seq.

Orion (o-ri'on), Osiris and, 168 n., 199; Pharaoh as, 167. See Unas.

Osirian faith, 157. See Osiris. [37 n.

Osirian Paradise of Delta character,

Osiris (o-sl'ris), as tree spirit, xxvii ; as a king, xxviii ; cow-mothers of, xxxii ; as moon child, xxxix; his desire for calamity, xxxix «. , xl; as "seat maker", xli; "husband of his mother ", xlv ; fusion with Seb, xlv ; popularity of, xlvi ; as son of Seb and Nut, 2, 7, 11, 12, 13; king in legend, 15; introduces agriculture, 16; killed by Set, 17, 18; body of in tree, 19-21; Set rends body of, 21; as " Hamlet's" father, 22 «. ; son avenges, 23; lamen-

tations over, 23 ; as judge of the dead, 24; as corn god, 26; makes Isis a male, 27; "John Barleycorn " as, 27; Age of, 33, 34; worship of in Upper Egypt, 36 ; King Zaru as, 36 ; lunar character, 37; northern origin of, 37 n. ; Neith and, 39 ; tribe of, 40 ; swine and, 66, 67; pig sacrificed to, 68; as Serapis, 69, 70; Bata and, 71; Irish myth and, 72; crocodile and, 73; Ptah-Sokar and, 82, 83; Paradise of, 96, 97: judgment of, 98; confession to, 98-9; heart weighed before, 100, 101, 103, 104; Delta character of his Paradise, 104; Pharaoh as, 105, 120; Khnumuand, 138, 141; Bacchus and, 154/;.; union with Ptah, 156, 162: Horus brother of and Horus son of, 163, 164; supplanted by Ra, 166; as the "Hidden One", 170, 171; in Feudal Age, 186; as "Yesterday", 187; sky props of, 189; Min, Ptah, Khnumu, Hershef and, 190; Heneb and, 191; Zer's tomb and worship of, 192, 196; Amenemhet I and, 203, 229; Sebek and, 236; as son of hippopotamus, 280; in lunar and earth worship, 281, 284; soul of in Amon's shrine, 285, 313; Harpocrates and, 340; Amon and, 341 n. ; Seti I and, 343 ; Amon-ra displaces, 353 ; the god of the people, 363, 364; as national god, 367; Serapis worship, 368.

Osiris, judgment of, 96-8 et seq.; man who feared, 245.

Osiris-Apis. See Serapis.

Osiris-Ra, 168 »., 367.

Osiris-Sokar, "lord of fear", 82«.; Thoth ape and, 197; as the "opener",

333 "■ Ossianic (osh-ee-an'ik) saga, the Achilles

of, 351 n. Oxyrhynchus (ox-ir-hin'kus), the sacred

fish, 22 ; papyri, 377 et seq.

Palaeolithic (pa-le-o-lith'ik) men in Egypt, 30.

.197

Palermo Stone, 84.

Palestine! sacrifice <>f infants in, xxxix,

xl ; pre-Scmitic cave liewers of, .\li

et s(<]., 79, 80; changes in during

Twelfth Dynast}', 265: stone workers of, 284; Thothmes III in, 291; caves of, 315; karneses II in, 346; Philistines settle in, 350, 351; under Assyria, 357 ; Egypt and Babylonia sway, 372.

I'an-Ku of China, Ptah and, 81.

Pappas, Phrygian god, xlv, 259.

Paradise of Osiris, xxviii, 96; soul's journey to, 96-8; life in, 101 ; organization of, 103; servants in, 109; its Delta character, 37«., 104, 106,

313. 3*7Paradise of sun-worshippers, 96, 106,

soul's quest of, 157 et seq., 313. Paris, why he abducted Helen, 351 ;

in Egypt, 370. Patriarchal beliefs, xxxiii et seq. Patroklos (pa-trok'los), 20. Payne, Mr., on lunar and solar worship,

XXV.

Peasant, the eloquent, story of, 136 et

seq. Peasant who became king, story of, 45-

57Pelasgian (j_el-as'ge-an) gods, xxxiw.,

32-

Peleshtem (pel-esh'tem), Philistines,

the, 350. See Philistines and Pu-

lishta. Pepi II, his Deng, 180; long reign,

181; and Memphis, 78, 178, 179. Persia, Hyksos and, 263. Persian Empire, rise of the, 375 ; fall

of the, 377. Petrie, Professor Flinders, xx, xxi, xxii,

34«., 38, 40, 134, 135, 167, 226,

234 «•» 330. 333. 341, 342. Phsestos (fays' tos or fes'tos), Crete,

palace of, 230. Pharaoh of Joseph, 268 et seq. Pharaoh of Moses, 272 et seq. Philistines, alphabet claim, 4I«.; as

the " Fenish ", 284; goddess of, 3II j land raid of, 350; overlords of I lebrews, 353 ; commercial " corner" of, 354. See Peleshtem and Pulishta.

Phoenicia (fen-ish'ee-a), Karneses II in, 346; Assyrians conquer, 358.

Phoenicians (fen-ish'ee-ans), xxiii, 32; alphabetic system of, 41 n. ; ship gods of, 81, 231 ; Hyksos and, 262; as the "Fenish", 284; Resef, god of, 310; goddess of, 311; circumnavigate Africa, 372.

Phoenix (fe'niks), 75, 188.

Phrygians (frij'i-ans), settlement of in Asia Minor, 348; in Troy, 351.

Physician, the divine, Khonsu as, xxvii.

Piankhy (pe-an'kee), King, 357.

Pig, the black, as Set, 64; Ra and Horus and, 65 ; as devil in Scotland, 65; in Ireland, 66; tabooed in Egypt, Syria, and Scotland, 65; eaten in Teutonic and Celtic Paradises, 66; sacrificial feast of, 68, 304 n.

Pigeons, the sacred, 73«., 75.

Planets, Horus forms as, 164.

Plato in Egypt, xviii.

Pliny on lunar influence, xxvi, 25.

Plutarch, 65, 66, 69, 191, 363.

Poetry of Egypt. See Atnenettihefs Instruction, Dialogue of Man and Soul, Lay of the Harper, Love songs, Orion in Egypt.

Pool, the drowning, 12.

Pork, where tabooed and where eaten, 65-6.

Porphyrius (por-fir'i-us), 333.

Potiphera (po-tif'e-rah), xviii.

Prehistoric Egypt, 30 et seq.

Priam (pri'am) of Troy, 351.

Prisse Papyrus, 172.

Prophecy of Apura, 222, 223.

Psalms, Book of, "sow in tears", 26; serpent charming, 159.

Psamtek I (sam'tek or psam'tek), 362; revolt of, 365, 366, 369, 376; campaigns of, 370.

Ptah (pta or ta), the hammer god, xxxi, xxxvii; his wife dreaded, xxxviii; as self-created "Great Father", xli, xliv ; the egg myth, xlvii ; Ra resembles, 14 «. ; Bull worship and, 71 ; soul of, in "the Egg", 74, 75; in Old Memphis, 77, 78 «. ; as King of the Khnumu (elves), 79, 80; as maker of sun-egg and moon-egg, 81 ; as "tongue and mind of the gods ", 81 ; first temple to, 82; god of capital,

83, 103, 104; stone workers' god, 114; decline of cult of, 137, 142; ethical influence of, 156; how recognized by sun cult, 167, 172, 189; ram and, 190, 192; Amenemhet I and, 203, 229, 281 ; as father of Thoth, 282 ; as a form of AmonRa, 283 ; honoured by King Ahmes, 284; Thothmes III and, 293, 308, 317; as the "opener", 333, 345, 347, 348; in Restoration period, 367; his son Imiithes, 369, 370, 374; lament of wife of priest of, 379.

Ptah-hotep (ta-h5'tep), maxims of, 172

et seq. Ptah-Osiris (ta-o-sl'ris), 83; beliefs

connected with, 104, 157, 285, 313,

367-

Ptah-Sokar (ta-sok-ar), 82, 83.

Ptah-Tanen (ta-ta-nen), 155; a worldgod, 155 et seq., 164, 188, 189; Osiris and, 367.

Ptolemaic (tol-e-ma'ik) Age, 377, 379.

Ptolemy V (tol'e-mi), Rosetta Stone record of, xix.

Pulishta (pool-ish'ta) orPilesti(pil-es'te), Philistines the, 350. See Peleshtem and Philistines.

Punt, Somaliland as, 1 72; Hatshepsut's expedition to, 289.

Pyramid, of Khafra, 139; of Khufu, building of, 133; magnificent stonework, 135; the "machines", 136; of Menkaura, 140; of Zoser, the first,

84, no, 114.

" Pyramid Texts", 167, 196, 237.

Pyramids, xlii; sun worship and, xlv; as burial cairns, 135; how stones were raised, 136; period of the great, 182; mummies torn from, 183; labyrinth greater than, 229.

Queen of Heaven, Hebrews worship, 356. See Lady of the Heavens.

Ra (or Re, ra), the "Eye" of, xxxviii; as "producer of calamity ", xxxix n; as son of Nut, xl, xlvi; as goose and cat, xlviii; as "the egg", I; as creator, 2; asking, 2; serpent myth, 3; spells of Isis against, 4-6; revolt of mankind against, 6; seeks to destroy creation, 7; he repents, 8; departure from earth, 9, 10, II; his night journey, 12-4; evolution of, 14K.; Osiris as king after, 15; hears Isis and Nepthys, 23; Nile flood, 25; in Bata story, 48, 49; creator of evil and good, 67; bull of, 71; soul myth of, 74; Ptah and, 79, 81; Sokar and, 82, 91, 103, 104; Pharaoh as, 105; rise of cult of, 137; Osiris and, 138; first king named after, 138, 148; in Fifth Dynasty, 155; dead and, 157; conflicts of in Duat, 158; his dread of serpents, 159; magic to assist, 160; Egyptian development of, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166; Pharaoh high priest of, 167; priests of, 172, 178; as "the Morrow", 187; as "Lord of Air", 189; Maau and, 191, 192, 203; Sebek and, 236, 238, 245, 253, 255 ; Set serpent and, 260; Hyksos and worship of, 263, 269; Sutekh and, 281; Amon and, 282, 293, 313; Aton and, 331, 334; Amon worship and, 338, 339, 345; Rameses II and, 346, 347, 364; again a local god, 366 ; Osiris supersedes, 367. See Amon-ra.

Ra-Apepa (ra-a-pep'a), Hyksos king. See Apepa.

Ra-Harmachis (ra-har-mak'is), 165, 318, 339-

Races, fail and dark, in Egypt, 31. Racial fusion in Egypt, xxxiv.

Ram, Amon as, 197, >98> 2$3> &ods> 189, 190; the sacred, 75; mummies of, 369.

Rameses I (ram'e-sfiz or ra-mS'sSs) not an Amon worshipper, 338; ascendancy of Ra cult, 339, 340; Hittites and, 342.

Rameses II (ram'e-sez or ra-me'ses), Syrian campaigns of, 344; battle of Kadesh, 345-O; treaty with Hittites, 346-7; long reign of, 348, 161 «., 255, 261, 306, 311, 316; Hebrews and, 272; Prince of Bakhten and, 200; like Baal, 309, 310, 339; Set of, 340, 342;/.; mummy of hidden, 353.

Rameses III, 349; second sea raid, 350; power of, 312, 351, 352.

Rameses XII, 353.

Rameses kings, the weak, 353.

Ramesseum (ra-mes-e'um), 347, 348.

Ramman (ram'man), 259; Rimmon of Bible, 259;;. [90, 91.

Ran, the secret name, xxxii, 3«., 87,

Red hair, why disliked, 120, 177.

Rehoboam (re-ho-bo'am), tyranny of,

356.

Religion, and law, xxxiii; and art and industries, 113.

Resef (res'ef), Phoenician god, 310.

Reshep (resh'ep), 307, 310.

Reshpu (resh'poo). See Reshep.

Restoration, the, 363 el seq., t,TJ.

Rhampsinitus (ramp-sin'i-tus), 151.

Rimmon (rim'mon), 259 n. See Ramman.

Robbers, the two, folk tale of, 151 et seq.

Rome, Egypt the granary of, 377.

Rosetta Stone,, discovery of, xix.

Rud-dedit (rud-ded'it), in folk tale, 148.

" Rulers of countries ", Hyksos, 263.

Sacrifice of children in Palestine and Ireland, xxxix, xl ; origin of, 10; of virgin to the Nile, 26; of pigs, 65 «.; (C519)

to Obiris and moon, 66; of human

beings, 108, 168/;., 317. Sahu (sa'hoo), mummy, 87. Sahura (sa-hoo'ra), 172. Sailor's story of enchanted island, 248-

51-

Sais, Prince of, 357; rise of goddess

Neith, 366 ; Cambyses at, 376. Sakkara (sak-ka'ra), step pyramid of,

84, no; tradition regarding, 114. Salatis (sal-ii'tis), Hyksos king, 255. Salmon in dragon story, 341, 341 n. Samaria, Babylonians settle in, 358. Samuel, Book of, Philistines, 311, 350 n. ;

David's youth, 354 n. Sardanapalus (sar-dan-ap'al-us or sar-

dan-a-pa'lus), 371. Sargon II (sar'gon) of Assyria, 357;

assassination of, 358. Sati (sa-tee), 115, 138. Saturn and Horus, 164. Saul, 354. Saushatar (sa-oo-sha'tar), King, of Mi-

tanni, 324 ti. Scandinavian giants, Hittites and, 260. Scarab (skar'ab) beetle seals introduced,

239-

Scarabaeus (skar-a-bee'us), xlvii; as heart charm, 313.

Schools in Memphis, III,

Scotland, lunar beliefs and customs in, xxvi; Great Mother deity of, xxxvii et seq. ; the Osiris of, 27-9 ; the black pig as devil in, 67; eel tabooed in, 69; Egyptian cord in, 176;/.; creatrix of, 190 «.; the spiral in, 232; giants and hags of, 260.

Scribes, god of, xxvii.

Script, the linear, 41. [37°-

Scythians (sith'i-ans) on Egypt's frontier,

Sea raids on Egypt, 348, 349, 350.

Seals, Babylonian and scarab, 239.

Seb (also Keb or Geb), earth deity, xM xlv, 2, 7 ; reptiles of, 1 1 ; as goose, 74, 81; "before his mother", 105, 155, 161: self-created, 189; Sebek as, 237; soul of, 367

Sebek (seb'ek), crocodile god, 198; rise

of, 235; Hathor and Horus and, 236;

the dead and, 237 ; Usert and, 238. Sebek-ho'tep, 286. [See Sukhos.

Sebek-khu, tomb of, 227. Sebek-ra kings, 237, 252, 253. Sebek-Tum-Ra, 236, 238. Sed festival, 34; King Zaru and, 36,

59«., 167, 287. Sekenenra (sek-en-en'ra), King, dispute

with Hyksos, 274; war waged by,

275; death of in battle, 276, 277. Seker (sek'er). See Sokar, Ptah-Sokar,

and Osiris-Sokar. Sekhet (sek'het), the goddess of plagues,

xxxviii, xliv; the destroyer, 8«.,

81;/., 112, 191 ; like Mut, Tefnut,

and Bast, 282, 317. Sekti (sek'tee), sun bark, 161. Semenkh-ka-ra, 337. Senmut (sen'mut), 289. Sennacherib (sen-nak'e-rib), 358, 359,

360; captivity of Judah, 360-1;

murder of, 361. Senuhet (say'noo-het), the story of, 205,

206, 207 et seq. Senusert I (sen-oo'sert), son of Usert,

163, 204, 205; in Senuhet story, 207

et seq.; in " Instruction of Amenem-

het", 218-20; campaigns of, 225;

feudal lords and, 226. Also rendered

Usertesen (oo-sert'e-sen). Senusert II, Hittite wife of, 234; heir

of, 235. Senusert III, a non-Egyptian type, 234,

235 ; invasion of Syria, 227 ; of

Nubia, 228, 239, 266, 316. Sepd, Bes as, 313. Serapeum (ser-a-pee'um), the, Psamtek

builds. 370; invitation to dinner in,

377Serapis (ser-'a'pis), lunar origin of, 69;

Christians worship, 368 ; Cambyses

slays, 376; invitation to feast of, 377. Serpent god, Ra as, 7 ; story of the,

248-51 ; Anion as, 197; Seb as,

197 n.; the Set, 166, 260.

Serpent goddess, as friend of the dead, 191 ; of Crete, xxxvi, 258. See /sis, Nehebkau, Nepthys, and Uazit.

Serpent stone, 64.

Serpents, Haiu, " eater of the ass" (sun), xlviii, 75; Apep, 12-3; Isisand Nepthys as, 13; as protectors and enemies of the living, 64 ; as enemies of the dead, 97; Ra dreads the, 159; charmers of, 159; images of, 160; in Norse and Coptic myth, 160, 161 ; cat -headed, crocodile -headed, and duck -headed, 160; Leviathan, 161 «.; the "Roaring"' Set, 166; the Great Cat and, 187; the fiery flying, 13, 191;/. ; the Hittite demon, 260 ; in doomed prince story, 294 et seq.; Bes destroyer of, 312, 313; the storm demon, 340 ; dragons as, 341.

Sesostris of the Greeks, 316, 317.

Set, the red, the black, pig, serpent, and monster, xlvi ; as night serpent, xlviii; son of Seb and Nut, 2, 13; plot of, 16; kills Osiris, 17; as king, 18; rends body of Osiris, 21; as "Hamlet's uncle", 22«.; conflict with Horus, 22-3; tribe of, 34, 39, 40; as black pig, 64, 67; as moon devourer, 68, 70; Irish myth and, 72 ; the mouse and, 75 ; as night ass, 75; the dead and, 97, 120, 162; in "Winged Disk" legend, 166, 187; crocodile and, 235-8; Baal and, 238, 250;;., 253, 260, 261; in Hyksos Age, 269; as Baal, 307, 308, 310 ; under the Rameses kings, 340, 348; as the devil, 368. See Sutekh.

Set; I (set'ee), worshipper of Sutekh, 310; foreign goddess of, 312, 338, 340: mother of, 342 ; conquests of, 343 ; defeats Hittites, 344; mummy of hidden, 353.

Setna (set'na), story, the "deathless snake" in, 341.

Shabaka (sha'ba-ka), Ethiopian king,

357, 358Shadow, the khaybet, 87, 90.

NOKX

,|Q1

■ {48.

sh.il. n

(shar-dan'a), 506 \ in raid .

Slice]) " taboo "1 304 II-

Sheitandere (shay'tun-de-re), " 1 1 a", 342.

Shelley compared with Akbenaton, 325, 326.

•herd kings. See Ilyksos.

Sheshj Queen, 79.

Sheshonk (Shishak), 355; campaign in Palestine, 356.

Shu (shoo), atmosphere god, xl; at Creation, 1, 6, 9, 10, 161, 188; selfcreated, 189, 282; Baal and, 308, 309; "in his Aton", 332.

Siegfried (seeg'freed), as dragon slayer, 341-

Sigurd (see'goord), as dragon slayer, 341-

Sin, Arabian moon god, 259; Baal of Harran as, 307 ; goddess Anthat and,

3»-

Sinai land of moon god, 259. Sin-shar-ish'kun, last Assyrian king,

371.

Sirius, 42.

Sirius, rising of, and calendar, xxii.

Siut (see'ut) in Feudal Age, 1S5, 193.

Sleepy song, 177.

Snake, the deathless, 341, 342.

Sneferu (snef'er-oo), King, 131, 132, 137; in folk tale, 144 et seq.; bronze in time of, 231.

So, King of Egypt, 357.

Social changes in Empire period, 302 et seq.

1 (sok'ar), the mysterious god, xxix;;., xxxix n. ; dreaded in underworld, 12; as winter sun, 82, 190. See Ptah-Sokar and Osiris-Sokar.

Solomon, the Egyptian, 172; goddess worship of, 310 ; alliance with Egypt, 354; receives Gezer, 355; treasure of seized, 356.

" Son of the Sun ", Pharaoh as, 166.

Song' - Poetry of

Vft,

oi I'lVC, .S7-6l.

Sothic cycle dispute, xxii.

Sothos. Sec Sirius.

Soul, the "hidden" (sec Bata), of giants, 53;/. ; in liver and blood, 55 >/.; eating of the, 71 ; in cg^, 74; the Khu and Ba, 87-101 ; mummy and life of, 93, 106; in bark of Ka, 96; journey of to Osirian paradise, 97 ; in judgment hall, 98-101 ; in perils of Duat, 158; serpent goddess and the, 191; of Anion is hidden, 197; Dialogue of a man with his, 242 et seq. ; Empire period beliefs, 313; Aton belief regarding, 335 ; Osiris and the, 363 ; of Ra, Osiris as, 367 n. ; lament of girl wife's, 379.

Soul in the egg. See Egg.

Souls, transmigration of. See Transmigration.

Sowing lamentations, 26.

Sparrow, Anubis as, 369.

Sparta, Helen heiress of, 351 ; Egypt ally of, 375.

Spectacle stones, 232.

Sphinx (sfingks), the great, 140: its Hittite origin, 239; Thothmes IV and, 318. y

Spiral, the, 232.

Spirit, the Ka, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93.

Spirits, Egypt swarmed with, xxv; children and, 176.

" Spring of the sun ", 162.

Star of Isis and Hathor, 25.

Stars, the "Twins", 2; glorifying Ra, 10.

Statesmen became gods. See Imhotep and Amenhotcp. son of Hapi.

Stone Age, the early, in Egypt, 30.

Stonework, the earliest, xli et seq., 113, 114; in Khufu's pyramid, 135.

Stone workers, the Fenkhu, 284.

Stone worship, 162, 163; Hathor and Ra and, 281; luck stones, 314.

Strabo, 225, 229, 237.

Sukhos (soo'kos), 237. See Sebek.

Sun as " Eye of Ptah ", xli ; ass and cat of, xlviii, 75; as pool of milk, xlviii; bull of the, 236; crocodile of the, 236.

Sun god, spirit of in obelisk, xvii. See Ra, Turn, Khepera, Horus, Baal, Sutekh.

Sun goddess of early Arabians and Hittites, xxxix n.

Sun worship, preceded by lunar, xxv, xxvi, xlv; imported into Egypt, xlvi, 35 ; other theologies absorbed in, xlvi, 14 n. ; spread of, 137-8 ; Fifth Dynasty triumph, \66 etseg.; human sacrifices and, 168 «., 317; 281.

Superstitions, domestic, 176, 177.

Susa, " Maltese cross " in, 239 «.

Sutarna (sut'ar-na), King of Mitanni,

323 «•

Sutekh (soot'ek), Set as, i8«., 34; in Middle Kingdom, 235, 238; Hittite character of, 259 ; as "dragon slayer", 260, 261; as Teshub, 261; Hyksos and, 263, 267, 269 ; Egyptians to worship, 273, 274, 281; in Empire period, 306, 307; Set and Baal as, 307, 308, 309, 310; Anthat and, 311: as Horus, 340, 342, 345, 364, 368. See Set.

Swallow, Isis as, 20.

Swineherds honoured by Gauls, hated by Egyptians, 65-6.

Syria, in Middle Kingdom Age, 203 ; first invasion of, 227, 234, 265 ; in Empire period, 290, 302, 317, 327, 343, 344; Assyria holds, 357; Psamtek's flight to, 362 ; claimed for Babylon, 371.

Taharka (ta-har'ka), Ethiopian Pharaoh,

358 ; Assyrians defeat, 359 ; Assar-

haddon defeats, 361, 365. Tanen (ta'nen), earth god. See Plah-

Tanen. Tanis, Baal of, 309; Astarte in, 310;

Rameses kings and, 339, 343 ; Sutekh

in, 340; Hittites in, 342 ; priest king of» 353. 355 5 princes of, 360.

Tanut-amon, 361, 365.

Tarku (tar'koo), Hittite god, 259, 261; Thor and, 341.

Tarsus, the Baal of, 307.

Tatunen (ta-too'nen). See Ptah- Tanen.

Taurt (ta-oort), 72, 280.

Tefnekht, Prince of Sais, 357.

Tefnut (tef-noo'it), xxxvi, xliv; at Creation, 1,7, 161, 191; mother of Thoth, 281, 282, 309, 311.

Tehenu (te-hen'oo), Libyans, 31 n.

Telemachus (tel-em'a-kus), 370.

Tell-el-Amarna, Akhenaton's capital, 328, 329, 331, 332 et seq.

Tell-el-Amarna Letters, 273, 323.

Temperance lectures, 305.

Ten Lost Tribes, the, 357-8.

Teshup (tesh'oop) or Teshub, 261.

Teta (tee-ta), King, 178.

Teutonic dwarfs, 81.

Teutonic "Great Father'', 189.

Thebes (thebz) in Feudal Age, 185; rise of House of, 193; Lord of becomes Pharaoh, 195; Amongod of, 196; goddess Apet, 197; as Uas, 200; Sebek in, 237; kings retreat to, 252: revolt of prince of, 273 ; sacred hippopotami at, 274; lunar cult of, 281; Thothmes III at, 293; Amenhotep II and slain princes at, 317; Tiy's palace, 321-2; Akhenaton persecution at, 324 ; Court returns to, 337; Heliopolis and, 338; political decline or, 343 ; Rameses Temple of Victory at, 347 ; Libyan kings and, 355 ; under Ethiopians, 356; sack of by Assyrians, 361; Nahum's reference, 362, 364; in ruins, 366.

Theologies, local character of, 103.

Theon, letter of, 378.

Thor (or tor) like Tarku, 259, 341 , Baal, Sutekh, and, 308; as dragon slayer, 341 n.

Thoth (thoth or t(e)-hot'h(e)), month of, xxii; attributes of, xxv; lunar

(I11 kxvi, xxvii; links

wiili Ah, Khonsuj and I Isiris, xwii, xwiii, x\i\; aa tree spirit, xxvii; ward of moon-child, xxviii, wix; in

Nubia, xxxiv; created by Ra, II; as

Ah, 14//.; warns Isis regarding Set, 19; as the healer, 23; as son of Tefnut, 68, 75, 82; the dead and, 100, 199, 203, 281, 282, 283; Imhotep as, 369. Also rendered Tehitti and Takuti,

Thothnics I (thooth'mes), Exodus in reign of, 273, 277; conquests of, 286; the family feud, 287. Also rendered Thut'mtS) or mosi, and Tahutimes.

Thothmes II, 284, 287, 288.

Thothmes III, xxiii, 255, 284; as priest and usurper, 287 ; Hatshepsut deposes, 288 ; rules alone, 289 ; a great leader, 290; his victories, 291, 292, 293; honours Anthat, 311; memory not revered, 316, 317, 319, 323 «., 327; Amon cult and, 339, 344, 346.

Thothmes IV, 318; Mitanni wife of,

323 «-, 339-

Thutmes or Thutmose. See Thothmes.

Tikkarai (tik-kar'ai), 350.

Tin, sources of Egypt's supply, 231; from Cornwall, 232.

Tiy (tie), Queen, 199; her origin, 318;

a royal romance, 319; her attain-

. ments, 320; palace of, 321-2; her

artificial lake, 322; as a goddess, 323;

her son, 324, 331, 335, 336, 377.

Tombs, the brick, and mastabas, 106, 107, 108, 109; in cliffs, 315; lament of girl wife, 379. See Burial customs.

Tortoise, enemy of dead, 97.

Transmigration of souls, in Bata story, 45~S7 ! in Irish bull myth, 72; in Scottish and Egyptian stories, 74, 90 «. ; return of the Ka, 93; from father to son, 105; Herodotus on,

325. 335Treasurer, the chief, 223, 225.

Tree, Thoth as, and Osiris as spirit of, ii; and well worship, \xviii, 92; of Osiris, 19 et set].; spirit of at goddess of dead, 97.

Tribal aspect of Osirian myth, 40; of animal worship. Sec Animals,

Trojan war, 350. [wors/ii/> oj.

Troy, Homer's, 351.

Turn, sun god, xlvi ; Ra as, 1, 5, 12, 161, 169, 200; Osiris as, 367//.

Turkestan, migrations from, 257, 258.

Tumface, ferryman of dead, 98, 177 ;/.

Tursha (toor'sha), 348.

Tushratta (toosh-rat'ta), Aryan King ot Mitanni, 267; begs for gold, 323, 324; sends Ishtar to Egypt, 324, 327, 337) 344- Also rendered Dushratta.

Twins, the, Shu and Tefnut as, 2.

Two brothers, story of, 45-57.

Typhon, the Hittite and the Egyptian, 260, 340; caves of in Asia Minor and Scotland, 342.

Tyr (teer), xxxii.

Tyre, the Baal of, 307 ; King of, 358, 359, 360.

Tyrol, wind hags of, 190 ft.; giants and hags of, 260.

Uas (oo'as), Thebes as, 200.

Uazit (oo'az-it), xxxvi, 75, 80, 198, 317;

serpent goddess of Buts, 19; as a

mouse, 19 n. Unas (oo'nas), King, as Orion, 167;

hymn of, 168-70; eater of gods, 168,

196, 199, 235. Underworld, perils of and conflicts in,

1 1-4. Uni (oo'nee), Pepi's landsuperintendent,

179; his campaigns, 180. Umes (oor'nes) (river of underworld),

12 et seq. Usephais (oo'say-fais), xliii, xliv. Userkaf (oo'ser-kaf), 167. Usert (oo'sert), earth goddess, 238. Usertesen (oo-sert'e-sen). See Senusert. Ushebtiu (oo-sheb'tee-oo), "the answerers ", 108.

4-04

Vafthrudner (vaf-throod'ner), Norse

giant, 249 n. Valhal (val'hal), pork eaten in, 66. Varuna (var-oo'na), Aryan god of Mi-

tanni, 267. Venus (planet), Phoenix as, 1S8. Venus (goddess) in Egypt, 310; cures

Amasis, 374. Virgin goddesses, xxxvi. See Mother,

the Great. Virgin sacrificed to the Nile, 26. Vulcan, 81 ;/. Vulture, Mut and Nekhebat as, 75, 199.

Wales, fairies of as nature spirits, xxxi.

War of the gods, 187. 342.

Water storage, Lake Mceris scheme,

224, 225. Well associated with Christ, xviii ; and

with Ra, 162. Westcai Papyrus, 150M. Wiedemann, xxxviii, 308, 309, 331 *.,

332 «., 333. Wild Huntsman in Raging Host, I90«. Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner. 24. Will. Abthe, 87. Wilson, Sir Erasmus, xvii Wind god. See Atmosphere god.

Wind goddess. See Atmosphere god desses.

Wine, warning against, 305.

"Winged Disk', legend of the, 165 et scq. ; Christian version of, 368.

Wives of gods, xxxix. See Anion's ■wife.

Women honoured in religion, xxxiii.

World, surrounded by sea or mouiv xlviii; Egyptian conception of, 178; northern boundary of, 284; the "circuit of the sun ", 2S6, 287 ; the "great circle"' (ocean), 372.

Young, Dr. Thomas, xix. Yuaa (yoo-a'a), father of Queen Tiy, 3i9» 33i-

Zaru (za'roo), " the Scorpion ", 36.

Zedekiah (zed-e-ki'ah) becomes King of Judah, 372; revolt of, and captivity, 372-3, 376.

Zer, King, 192.

Zeus (ziis), 190 «., 259, 340

Zoan. See Tants.

Zoser (zo'ser), King, capital and pyramid of, 84, 85 ; his two tombs, 109 ; his architect, no; his stonework, 114, 131, 135, 272, 368.

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