CHAPTER XLI. THE END OF BARDI. (Part 1)

So it befell one morning, as they were both together in their sleeping loft, away from other folk, that Bardi would sleep on, but she would be rousing him, and so she took a small pillow and cast it into his face as if for sport. He threw it back again from him ; and so this went on sundry times. And at last he cast it at her and let his hand go 'with it. She was wroth thereat, and having gotten a stone she throweth it at him in turn.

So that day, when drinking was at an end, Bardi riseth to his feet, and nameth witnesses for himself, and declareth that he is parted from Aud, saying that he will take masterful ways no more from her than from anyone else. And so fast was he set in this mind herein, that to bring words to bear was of no avail.

So their goods were divided between them, and Bardi went his ways next spring, and made no stay in his journey till he cometh into Garthrealm, where he taketh warrior's wages, and becometh one of the Vserings, and all the Northmen held him of great account, and had him for a bosomfriend amongst themselves.

Always, when that king's realm was to be warded, he is on the ways of war, gaining good renown from his valiance, so that he has about him always a great company of men. There Bardi spent three winters, being much honoured by the king and all the Vaerings.

But once it befell/as they were out on their war-

The Heath-slay ings' Story. 259

galleys with an host and warded the king's realm, that there fell an host upon them ; there make they a great battle, and many of the king's men fell, as they had to struggle against an overwhelming force, though ere they fell they wrought many a big deed ; and therewithal fell Bardi amidst good renown, having used his weapons after the fashion of a valiant man unto death.

Aud was married again to a mighty man, the son of Thorir Hound, who was hight Sigurd. And thence are sprung the men of Birchisle, the most renowned among men.

And there endeth this story.

NOTES.

NOTES.

Page 3, 1. 8.

T ERSIR " we have left untranslated because we know no English term whereby to render it -•- -*- properly. That it is derived from herr, a collective noun meaning multitude of people, .cannot be doubted. The termination -sir is indicative of the agent, and here would originally point to the agent as ruler, commander, gatherer together. In support of this is the word " hersing," a collected multitude, crowd. In time the hersir became not only ruler of men, but a lord of the territory within which his herr had its habitation, which territory was called heraS, later heYaft, and only in the capacity of such a territorial lord the historical hersir is known. Before the days of Harold Hairfair he appears to have been an independent kinglet or tribal chief, who in his person with the secular sway over his people combined the sacerdotal office of pontifex maximus. After Hairfair's day the hersir was reduced to a royal liegeman, and between him and the king there was set up a new dignity, that of the earl, to whom jurisdiction over so and so many hersar was assigned. The Icelandic Go^Si was another form of the hersir of Norway, but the title hersir could not be used, because in Iceland he"ra$ as a lordship with definite boundaries never existed ; there it merely signified country-side, district. Thus, while in Norway the title of hersir pointed especially to the secular character of the ruler of men in a defined heraS, in Iceland the title of Gofti indicated in particular such a person's sacerdotal quality.

264 The Saga Library.

Page 4, 11. 25-30. " Ketil Flatneb gave his daughter Aud to Olaf the White, who at that time was the greatest war-king west-over-the-sea ; he was the son of Ingiald the son of Helgi, but the mother of Ingiald was Thora, the daughter of Sigurd Worm-in-eye, the son of Ragnar Hairy-breeks." We have here an instance of the manner in which Icelandic aristocrats would connect their ancestors, of the period prior to the settlement, with famous legendary royal races, such as the Ynglings of Sweden and Norway, or heroes such as Ragnar Hairy-breeks, or Sigurd the Volsung. The descent of Olaf the White, as our story has it, is evidently due to Ari the Learned, because, so far as it goes, it agrees both with his Islendingab6k, ch. 12, and with Landnama, ii., ch. 15, and, most probably, the notice about the mother's kindred of Ingiald is due to the same source, namely, the lost greater Islendingabdk of Ari, of which the one now existing is confessedly an abridgment. In a contemporary Irish record, "Three Fragments" ed. by O'Donovan, 1860, pp. 127, 195, which scholars agree in regarding as generally a trustworthy source for Irish history, the descent of Olaf is also given, and, as the following table shows, there is an irreconcilable discrepancy between the two sources : —

Irish record. Icelandic records.

Halfdan Whiteleg, Sigurd Ring, a king King of Upland of the Wick in Norway.

Godfred Gudrod Ragnar Hairy-breeks

Godfred Olaf Sigurd Worm-in-eye

Ragnall Helgi married Thora

Godfred Ingiald

Olaf (no surname). Olaf the White m. Aud.

By the Icelandic family-tree Aud and her numerous

Notes. 265

kindred in Broadfirth united in their veins all the blue blood of antiquity. But in that respect it is an awkward circumstance, that the Irish record does not know Aud as a wife of Olaf at all, but says that he was married to the daughter of King Aedh of Ireland, the successor of Maelsechlainn, which lady's name, however, it does not give. Both the great historical critics, Johannes Steenstrup (Normannerne, ii., 120-121, 374-375), and Gustav Storm (Kritiske Bidrag til Vikingetidens Historic, 119), agree in rejecting the Icelandic genealogy of Olaf the Dublin king, and accepting the Irish.

Page 5, 11. 1 1-14. " He fared by the inland road north to Thrandheim, and when he came there, he summoned an eight folks' mote." This assembly consequently consisted of spokesmen from the eight folks (fylki), which formed the political as well as the geographical extent of what, for want of a better name, we might perhaps term the province of Thrandheim. These eight folks were, taken in order of their geographical position, from south to north : the folk of Orkdale (Orkdaela-fylki) ; of Gauldale (Gauldaela-f.) ; of Strind (Strinda-f.) ; of Stiordale (Stj6rdaela-f.); of Skaun (Skeyna-f.) ; of Verdale (Verdaela-f.) ; of Spar-biders (Sparbyggja-f.) ; of Aun (Eyna-f.). All these folks had their common folk-mote at the Thing of Eres (Eyrafing) within the site of the present city of Drontheim.

Page 6, 11. 4-6. "He had the ward of Thor's temple there in the island, and was a great friend of Thor. And therefore was he called Thorolf." In all probability the case with Rolf had been the same as with his kinsmen, that, when he was dedicated to his tutelary god, his name was lengthened by adding Thor's name to it. His own son, who first was called Stein, he dedicates to Thor under the name of Thorstein (p. 12). Thorstein again had a son, called Grim, who on being given by the father to Thor, was named Thorgrim. That it was a common custom to give to children the name of a god, is attested to by Snorri in Ynglinga Saga,ch. 7 : " From

266 The Saga Library.

Odin's name was derived the name of Audunn, and in that manner men gave names to their sons. But by Thor's name is called he who hights Thorir or Thorarin, or other names may be added thereto, as Stein-Thor or Haf-Thor with alterations in sundry other ways." Another record, Hauksb6k, says : " Men of lore say, that it was the custom of ancient folk to derive the names of their sons or daughters from names of the gods, as Thorolf or Thorstein or Thorgrim from the name of Thor ; so he who first hight Odd was from Thor named Thorod, even as Thormod sang of Snorri the Priest and his son Odd, whom he (Snorri) called Thorod ; such, too, is the case with Thorberg, Thoralf, Thorleif, Thorgeir ; and yet more names are derived from the names of the gods, though most be so from that of Thor. In those days men were much in the wont of having two names, for that was thought most likely to lengthen life and give good luck ; even should some folk curse them by the name of the gods, this was held to be of no scathe since they had another name (to trust in)," from Biorn of Skardsa's Anall eptir Hauksb6k, AM. 115, 8vo., printed as " 2. Anhang " to Eyrbyggja Saga, ed. Vigfusson, 1864). If proof were wanted to show how, beyond all comparison, Thor was the most popular deity with the heathen Icelander, a reference to the index of personal names in our saga, and, for that matter, in all Icelandic sagas, will suffice. Even in the present day Thor is, in this respect, beaten in the record by only one saint — St. John.

Page 6, 1. 22. Read Ingolf Ernson.

Page/, 11. 19-20. " They saw that two big bights cut into the land." We have added the word " two," which is required both by situation and context. The edition reads : " Sci feir at skarust f landit inn firSir st6rir." The older reading, we take it, was : "sa J>eir at skarust i landit inij firSir st6rir," and that an inadvertent scribe made of inij = inn ii, i.e., inn tveir (two), simply inn. Our conjecture is borne out by the text itself, which in line 28 says : " they " (the pillars) " were borne towards the westernmost firth,"

Notes. 267

"sveif feim til ens vestra fjarftarins," where the comparative, in connection with the definite article, makes it quite clear, that the westernmost firth was one of two firths already mentioned in the text. This is also proved by the position of the ship. It must have been on the latitude of Snowfellness ; it had passed Reekness, the southern boundary of Faxebay, and now had in view the mountain ranges which formed the southern and northern littoral of Broadfirth. These two are the only big bights that cut into western Iceland, and no other bight or bay could be seen from on board Thorolf 's ship.

Page 7, 11. 21-23. " Thorolf cast overboard the pillars of his high-seat . . . and on one of them was Thor carven." This is a general custom with the oldest settlers of Iceland while the island was still altogether, or to a great extent, a no man's land ; but among the later settlers it gave way to other methods of land-take, when land was obtained under one form or another of contract. Ingolf Ernson, the first settler, set the example, and so strong was his faith in the fortune that would be in store for his kindred if he settled where his high-seat pillars should come aland, that for three years he searched for them, and having passed through the best parts of the southern country, did not hesitate to plant his abode on the barren ness where, at last, the pillars were found (Landnama, i. 7-8). It is even related that a settler hearing, after ten or fifteen years, of the discovery of his high-seat pillars at the opposite end of the land, sold his estates, and took up his abode where they were found, though that was within the land-take of another settler (Landnama, ib.). Hallstein, son of Thorolf Mostbeard, who came to Iceland before he had become a householder (ch. vi.), and therefore had no high-seat pillars to plant in a new house of his own, made a vow to Thor, the family god, that he would deign to send him " high-seat pillars," whereupon a tree drifted upon his land which was " sixty-three ells long and two fathoms round," and out of that he made high-seat pillars for himself, and supplied material for

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the same to "almost every house throughout the byfirths," the firths that cut into the northern littoral of Broadfirth (Landnama, ii. 23). There is a large number of instances relating to the high-seat pillars in connection with land-take in Iceland which we cannot enumerate here. Let it suffice to refer the reader especially to the Landnamab6k (Ingimund the Old, iii. 2 ; Crow- (Kraku-)Hreidar, iii. 7 ; Lodmund the Old, iv. 5 ; Thorhad the Old, iv. 6 ; Hrollaug Rognwaldson, iv. 9, etc.), and for the solitary instance of a chief buried at sea on the voyage to Iceland, performing the function of Thor's pillars, to Egilsaga, ch. xxvii.

The high-seat itself (ondvegi) was at this time arrayed in the middle of one of the side-benches of the hall; there was the chieftain's seat proper, on the nobler bench (ondvegi a aeSra bekk), and the high-seat on the less noble bench (ondvegi a uaeftra bekk), each facing the other. Of the term " ondvegi " no satisfactory etymology has yet been found, nor is likely to be, until a misconception of long standing concerning the position of the wall against which it had its place is removed. In the story of Olaf the Quiet, King of Norway, 1066-93, it is stated, that in his day the high -seat in Norwegian halls was removed from the side wall to the dais at the inner gable end. The sagaman adds, that heretofore the highseat proper, or the king's seat, always must "face the sun " (Fornmannasogur, vi. 439-40). From this it has been inferred that the high-seat always was on the northern side-bench of a hall, and that inference proceeds from the idea that the hall always turned east and west, which is obviously out of question. The front of a hall was always that one of its side-walls on which were the two doors with which halls with the high-seats on the side-benches were furnished. Built on the sea or lake shore, on the bank of a river, or on the underland of valleys, the front of the hall ran parallel with the line of the shore, and the course of .the running water, and, where these determinating causes were not present, with

Notes.

the line of the highway. Consequently, its front could face at a right angle any point of the compass, whereby then it is given that with the high-seat bench the case was the same. In a sword-age, when halls were built just as much for defensive purposes as for the comfort of the inmates, it stands obviously to reason, that the chief's seat should be planted where he could most easily command the view of the two weakest points of his stronghold, the two doors. That point was the middle seat on the bench which ran along the wall that was opposite to that through which the doors led into the hall. On that bench, therefore, we take it, the high-seat was always found. This diagram shows the position of the highseat, and its bearing towards the doors.

nobler

high-seat -CD-

bench

less noble high-seat bench

With regard to the derivation of " ondvegi " we can offer but a slight hint : " ond " may be the term " ond " = porch, entrance hall, or the mutated adv. " and-" = against, opposite (so the Oxford Dictionary), as in " 6nd-ver$r," onward ; "vegi," which sometimes goes into "ugi," as "ver$r" into " ur$r," seems to be a collective neuter, formed from "vegr," way (cf. -menni from mann-, -Jjyfti from ]?J6$, birki, bjork, etc., etc.), and should thus mean " ways." If we suppose that here, as in innumerable other instances in Icelandic, the noun which everyone had always in mind in speaking, was left out, namely, " saeti," seat, so that "ondvegi" stood instead of "ondvegis sseti/'then we

270 The Saga Library.

should have a perfectly intelligible expression for tlie seat, KXT l&xwi where the two ways met that lead up to the chief from either " ond " or door.

Page 8, 1. II. "Thorolf fared with fire through his land." See vol. i., xliv-xlvi.

Page 8, 1. 13. " Which is now called Thorsriver ; " so the old edition. We now prefer the reading of the last edition : " Which he called."

Page 8, 1. 14. " Settled his shipmates there." The original expression, "byg$i far skipverjum sfnum," is more technical: he gave lands to his crew, whom he made his tenants. For an exhaustive account of the various relations between various kinds of tenants and their land-settling landlords, see K. Maurer, Entstehung des islandischen Staats.

Page 9, 11. 16-19. " That fell he called Holy Fell, and trowed that thither he should fare when he died and all his kindred from the ness." This belief in an earthly paradise after death seems to have been chiefly confined to the Broadfirth folk. The Landnama, on the authority of the lost saga of Thord the Yeller, records that the kindred of Aud the Deep-minded shared this belief with the Thorsnessings. " She worshipped at Cross-knolls, where she had crosses raised up because she was baptized and truly Christian. Her kindred afterwards had great worship for those knolls, and a temple was reared there when the service of sacrifice began to be done, and they trowed that they would die into the knolls, and therein was Thord the Yeller laid (buried) before he 1 took up his chiefship as is told in his story." — Landn. ii. 16, p. in. Of Sel-Thorir, too, who,

1 This "he" must refer to Thord the Yeller's son, Eyolf the* Gray, and the Landndma passage must owe its senseless statement to the fact that the scribe did not know the sense of leifca = to bury, which, however, is a well-established one, e.g.t Steinar's burying of his slave, Grani : "Steinar leiddi hann J>ar upp f holtunum" = Steinar buried him there up in = among the hillocks. — Egilsaga, ch. 84. His story, of course, means Thord the Yeller's saga.

Notes. 271

on his journey for the family abode which a mermaid had ordered to be planted where Thorir's mare, Skalm, should lie down under her loads, had lived for a year among the Broadfirth settlers, the Landn. (ii. 5) says, that he and his heathen kindred died into the Rocks of Thor (JxSrsbjorg). See note to p. 67, 1. 24.

Page 10, 11. 19-20. "They called him Biorn the Easterner." We have rendered "hinn austraeni " by '* easterner " as the nearest term we could think of. But it does not express the full sense of " austraenn " here. Biorn found fault with his kinsmen for having changed their old faith for Christianity, and was so disgusted therewith that he had no heart to abide among them. This was the cause of their conferring on him the nickname, as the saga expressly states. Vigfusson, in Timatal, 224, supposes the reason of the giving of the surname to have been, that he alone of his kindred was left for some time behind in Norway ; but there is no need of that explanation in face of the clear record of the story. The sense of " austraenn," therefore, is Easterner, in the sense of Eastern-minded, wilfully clinging to Eastern follies (of Paganism) ; -raenn, therefore, conveys in this name the same sense as -raenn in einraenn, self-willed, whimsical, in both ancient and modern use of the word.

Page 1 6, 11. 21-22. " Thord the Yeller ... he was akin to the Kiallekings, but closely allied to Thorstein (Codbiter)." How he was otherwise related to the Kiallekings than by affinity we do not see. His wife, Alfdis of Barra, was the daughter of Konal, who was second cousin to Thorgrim the Priest, son of Kiallak the Old (as we learn from Landn. ii. 1 1, 19, cf. Gretti's Saga, ch. 3) : Olvir Bairncarle, his sister Ondott

Steinmod Astrid, m. to Kiallak the Old.

Konal Thorgrim the Priest.

Alfd

is, m. to Thord the Yeller.

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But Thord the Yeller was Thorstein Codbiter's brotherin-law. See the genealogy of the Thorsnessings.

Page 17,11. 24-27. " Thorgrim Kiallakson should uphold the temple half at his own costs, and answer for half the temple toll, and the Thingmen the other half." The original reads : " Jtorgrfmr Kjallaksson skyldi halda upp hofinu at helmingi ok hafa hdlfan hoftoll, ok sva J>ingmenn at helmingi." The passage is somewhat obscure and the translation scarcely quite to the point, the words " answer for " being better altered to " have " simply. The temple was, of course, that Thor's temple of which Thorstein Codbiter was the hereditary "gofti," priest. But now Thorgrim Kiallakson is evidently made a joint "goSi" or temple priest of it with Thorstein. This cannot mean anything but that, in order to appease his rivalry with Thorstein, Thord the Yeller raised him to the dignity of a chief with half a share in the sacerdotal duties and privileges at Thorsness. For this purpose he was to " have " half the temple toll, cf. p. 94 : " To that temple must all men pay toll," etc. This only seems to mean, that one half of the temple toll which formerly had been paid to Thorstein by his Thingmen, should henceforth be paid to Thorgrim by the men of the goSorS or chiefship, which Thord the Yeller now created in his favour.

Page 1 8, 11. 24-27. " Withal he let make a homestead on the ness near to where had been the Thing. That homestead ... he gave afterwards to Thorstein the Swart." This house has been, no doubt justly, identified by Vigfiisson and K&lund as that which now stands on the north-eastern side of Thorsness and bears the name of Thingvales (>ingvellir, Thingwall).— Kalund, Beskr. i. 441-442, and footnote. It would then seem, that the house reared for Thorstein the Swart was planted in the neighbourhood of the new Thing. This would require some alteration in our text to indicate that the site was where "the Thing had been moved to," because the words cannot refer to the old Thing-wall, which doubtless

Notes. 273

must have been on the western side of the ness, on or near the shore of Temple-creek. The immediate surroundings of the present house of Thingvellir are still thickly studded with ruins of old booths from the second Thorsness Thing. — Kalund, I.e.

Page 20, 1. 5. " Now Thorgrim slew Vestein Vesteinson," etc. Thorgrim was married to Thordis, the sister of Gisli Surson, who himself was married to Aud, the sister of Vestein, whose foster-brother, moreover, Gisli was, and therefore in honour bound to avenge him, no matter at what cost.

Page 21, 1. 2. " Sealriver head " (Brimlar hofSi) ; ours is, no doubt, not a good rendering of the Icelandic original. Of course Brimlar can, as far as the form goes, be a syncopated genitive sing, of "brimla-a" = seals' river, " brimill " = seal. But apparently there is no river on the spot to warrant the rendering. It is very likely that Dr. Kalund is right in deriving the name from " brim "=surf, and " la," a wave, according to which it might be rendered Surfhead.

Page 22, last line. " There was come Eyolf the Gray, a kinsman of Bork," etc. They were first cousins :

Olaf Feilan

Thord the Yeller Thora (see geneal. of Thorsnessings)

I H -i

Eyolf the Gray. Bork Thorgrim.

Eyolf had avenged on Gisli the slaughter of a man who was his own first cousin, Bork's brother, and the first husband of Bork's wife, who herself was Gisli's sister. But Gisli had performed a duty of honour under a holy vow in slaying the slayer of his foster-brother, while Eyolf had done what by law it was Bork's duty to do, and wherein Eyolf was not strictly concerned, as long as the next of kin was living. One can hardly help interpreting the whole affair in this way, that Thordis, in order to try to avert revenge from a beloved brother, married the II. T

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cowardly Bork, on whom, as first of kin, the high duty of revenge devolved, hoping thus to effect her purpose the more surely. It was after marrying Thordis that Bork bought his braver cousin to do the business for him.

Page 22, 1. 3. " Snorri abode with Erling Skialgson," etc. Erling and Snorri were respectively great-grandsons of Horda-Kari and Thorolf Mostbeard.

Page 24, 1. 22. " And nought of the money should be borrowed from other folk." This irrational and unmeaning condition we take to be a later interpolation.

Page 29, 1. 19. "Ride-by-night" (kveld-rifta), a possessed female wight, who after the fashion of troll-women riding wolves with snakes for reins in the dusk and dark of night, boding evil (cf. Lay of Helgi Hiorvardson, 35, and the prose piece after v. 30), were supposed to flit about at night in order to inflict grievous bodily harm on man and beast.

Page 29, 1. 24. "A jury of twelve should give the verdict thereon." The jury (kvi^r), in this case, was the so-called " tylftar-" or " t61ftar-kvi«r," which was called in in cases where evidence, not of palpable facts, but of probability, was to be given. In this case the kind of twelve-men's jury delivering the verdict was the so-called " gofta-kvrSr," priest's jury, which was empannelled by the go^i himself out of his Thingmen without any reference to neighbourship. — Gragas, i., a, 66-67.

Page 29, 1. 26. " Bear witness " ; read : give out the verdict ; cf. 1. 30, " give out the twelve men's finding," which is the same function that kinship was considered to prevent Snorri and Arnkel from undertaking.

Page 34, 1. 3. " Law-seers" (logsjaendr) seem here to be in a case in which they are not met with in Gragas, according to which they were called in either to decide whether a proffered medium of payment was good in law, or as eye-witnesses of a committed manslaughter. But here their business was expected to be, to decide whether Thorbiorn the Thick had a case that justified him in law to proceed to such a serious infringement of a free house-

Notes. 275

holder's right, as a domiciliary search for stolen goods involved. In fact, they are here looked upon as legal advisers, or counsel on behalf of the plaintiff.

Page 34, 1. 17. " Door-doom " (dura-d6mr) was a special institution of Norwegian law ; it is not mentioned in the Gragas, nor in the sagas of Iceland proper, except here and in Landn. ii. 9, where this very case is referred to. In the Older Gulathing's-law (Norges gamle Love, L, sect. 37), the occasion of this kind of court is stated, and its procedure minutely detailed at great length. It was called into operation for the recovery of disputed debts, to the contraction of which there had been no witnesses. It must be holden in front of the debtor's doors, " not at the back of his house," i.e. not at the "back-door," so far away from it, that the debtor should have space enough for the holding of a counter-court of his own, with room enough left between this court and the door for a waggon loaded with wood to pass easily. How a court of this description could be extended to the case here in question we are not informed. Perhaps the explanation is to be found in the statement (p. 27), that "Thorbiorn was over-bearing and reckless with men lesser than he."

Page 36, 11. 8, 9. " And there became one witless with fear " — varS far at gjalti. The description of the blind fear of the thralls here, as well as that in the case of Ufeig, Arnkel's slave (pp. 98-99), have for their basis the old popular tales which centred round the phrase, "at verSa at gjalti," to become utterly mad with sudden fright. The word "gjalti" itself, which only occurs in this phrase, and consequently is only known in the dative governed by the prep, "at," the "i" being the dat. termination, is an Irish loan-word, meaning " mad, wild." That the old Scandinavians looked both upon the word and what it betokened as distinctly Irish is made clear by the Speculum Regale (Konungs skuggsja). In that work chapters x. and xi. are devoted to the description of Ireland. As one of the marvels of that country the

276 The Saga Library.

author brings in the kind of men there who are called "gelt," and immediately turns off to explain what is meant by the phrase, " at verSa at gelti (var. gialti)." Thereof, he says, "this is the cause, that where two armies meet) and the two ranks on either side raise an exceeding wild war-whoop, it may often happen to soft youths, who have not served in an army before, that they lose their wits from that awe and terror which then seizes them, so that they run away into woods from other folk, where they feed like beasts, and shun the meeting with man even as wild things do," etc. — Konungs skuggsja (p. 27). Comparing this statement with the description of the terror that seized the young prince, Suibhne, the son of Colman Cuar, at the battle of Magh Rath, we are left no longer in doubt as to whence the tradition about those who "verSa at gjalti" originally came. "Fits of giddiness," says the Irish record, "came over him at the sight of the horrors, grimness, and rapidity of the Gaels ; at the looks, brilliance, and irksomeness of the foreigners ; at the rebounding furious shouts and bellowings of the various embattled tribes on both sides, rushing against and coming into collision with one another." The relation between the two statements amounts almost to a literal translation on the part of the Norwegian author, as the italicized passages in both statements show. Both the Norwegian record, and particularly that of Suibhne, are too long, highly interesting though they are, to be inserted here. It is enough to state that Suibhne acquired the historical sobriquet of " Geilt," = maniac, in the songs of his own country, a fragment of one of which is preserved in a M S. of St. Paul's monastery, near Unterdrauberg, in Carinthia, sign. sec. xxv. d., fol. S'2 ; see Windisch, Altirische texte, p. 318. An Irish romance detailing the Buile Suibhne, madness of Suibhne, is still in existence; see O'Donovan's edition of The Battle of Magh Rath, p. 236, footnote 9. For the whole description of Suibhne's madness, which, though overlaid with adjectives ad nattseam, is perhaps the most acutely conceived analysis of physical terror

Notes. 277

' that exists in any language, we must refer the reader to O'Donovan's above-quoted edition of The Battle of Magh Rath, pp. 231-37.

Page 67, 1. 24. " Then we will go up unto the Holy Fell," etc. It is hardly a mere accident that, as Snorri here proposes to Stir to discuss a weighty matter on the top of Holy-Fell, so Thorstein Egilson proposes to Illugi the Black to go to the top of the " borg," volcanic cone, above his homestead of Burg, to talk over the betrothal of Gunnlaug Wormtongue to his daughter, which was very much against his mind (Story of Gunnlaug the Wormtongue, ch. v., in Three Northern Love-stories). Both incidents stand clearly in connection with ancestral worship, which, of course, is quite evident in the case of Holy-Fell, into which the Thorsnessings believed they died (ch. iv.). Ancestral mounds were from ancient times raised in the neighbourhood of the ancestral abode, whence the statement, " at sitja a haugi," to be sitting on the how of the forefathers. Thus we read of King Rerir (Volsungasaga, ch. ii.) that, being troubled in mind for having no heir born unto himself, he sat one day on the ancestral mound praying Odin to allay his trouble — for that must be the drift of the passage, — and the god heard his prayer, and sent him a valkyrja in the shape of a crow, with the remedy required. Again, King Olaf Tryggvason sends Hallfred Troubleskald to Thorleif the Sage, an inconvertible heathen, to slay him or blind him. " Thorleif," says the saga, " was wont, even as was greatly the custom among ancient folk, to sit at long times together out on a certain mound, not far away from the homestead, and so it happened even now, when Hallfred came " (Olaf Tryggvas. Saga, in Fornmannasogur, ii. 59). To this same group of ideas must be referred the desire of certain settlers to be buried at a high place where they could overlook their own settlement, and thereto again links itself the belief in mountain powers, such as Bard Snsefellsas and others.

Page 68, 1. 15. " Barg " ; read sheep-fold.

278 The Saga Library.

Page 68, 1. 22. "Thereafter they began to make the road, and the greatest of man's work it is." This same road is still in preservation, and is thus described by Dr. Kalund : " It is the highway, even to this day, which travellers pass going from Bearhaven eastward into the Holy-Fell parish, and passes through the northern spur of the lava which from the Bareserks is still called the Bareserks'-lava. Here the lava is less rough than further to the south, and the road is partly built across the shore inclines of it. Here and there, where the incline is too steep, the gorges are filled with piled-up blocks, while in other places holes over which the road had to go have been filled up, and along the road there are lying in many places heaps of rejected stones covered over with moss. In this way a road has been built not so very different from other lava paths, only more even and perhaps broader than usually. In the middle of the lava one comes upon a fence made of single stones piled on the top of each other, which forms the boundary wall between the lands of Bearhaven and Bareserks'-lava (Lava, Stir's house), and seems never to have served any other purpose. A little further to the east the cairn of the Bareserks is still shown. Here the road goes across a scoop which it has been necessary to fill up to some extent, the filling-up matter leaning against natural blocks of lava. On either side here are to be seen one of those cauldron-formed dips which are characteristic of the lava. The cauldron on the right (south side), which lies at a little distance from the road, is the largest and deepest, and answers so completely to the description of the saga of the place where the Bareserks were encairned, that one would at once conclude that this must have been their burial-place. However, the cairn is shown on the left-hand (northern) side of the road, where an oblong heap of stones stretches down the incline of this lesser cauldron to which the words of the saga do not apply quite so well. It is asserted that in the beginning of this century the cairn was broken up, and that in it were

Notes. 279

found the bones of two men, not particularly large, but stout and heavy.1 Some distance further to the east, in the skirt of the lava on the right-hand side of the road, there is still to be seen the fold erected by the Bareserks, now called Crossfold. It is a common fold, the walls being built up of stone, one lava-block on the top of the other forming the thickness of the wall. Its irregular form, arising from natural lava-formations being utilized for walls, has given the name to it. It is used by the occupier of the land in spring and autumn, and produces yearly a crop of hay." — Beskr. af Island, i. 433-34, cf. Henderson's Iceland, ii. 62.

Page 75, 1. 16. " He was in Jomsburg when Styrbiorn the Strong won it." This passage, together with its context, must refer to a lost saga of Biorn the Broadwickers' champion. The capture of Jomsburg by the Swedish prince Biorn, generally known as Styrbiorn, with the surnames of " Svi'a kappi " (Swedes' champion), or " Sterki " (the Strong), is set forth in the fragmentary record known as " j?attr Styrbjarnar Svi'a kappa " (Fornmannasogur, v. 245-51). As to the chronology relative to Biorn's banishment, it is difficult to make it agree quite with that of Styrbiorn's life, and his death at the battle of Fyrisfield. Kiartan of Frodis-water was born the same year that Biorn went abroad (p. 75), and in the year, when Christianity was made law of the land, he is stated to have been thirteen or fourteen winters old, and other recensions of our saga give his age as fifteen. Accordingly Biorn ought to have gone abroad A.D. 986, 987, or 988. But the very uncertainty evinced by the various recensions of the saga as to Kiartan's age

1 But in Eggert Olafsens og Biarne Povelsens Reise igiennem Island, i. 367, it is stated that "in these times the cairn has been dug into, but no remains were found." " These times " must refer to 1754, when the first-named explorer examined the country-sides of Thorsness Thing, and wrote down the diary which formed the basis of the joint work which was published at Sor<£, 1772, and is still a record of great value. Either the earlier exploration of the cairn was insufficient, or the later is mythical.

280 The Saga Library.

A.D. 1000, shows that that statement is not of binding importance. Now, reliable records relating to Styrbiorn and King Eric the Victorious of Sweden, state that the latter died ten years after the fall of the former ; datable events prove that the year of the king's death was 995, Styrbiorn's, consequently, 985, which thus becomes the very last year that Biorn could have gone abroad to be able to join Styrbiorn at Fyrisfield. No sojourn with Palnatoki or the Jomsburg vikings of any considerable duration could have taken place, for by the utmost stretch the year of Biorn's going abroad cannot be put earlier than 984.

Page 81, 11. 22-23. " Arnkel claimed for himself a verdict of not guilty " — kvaddi Arnkell ser bjargkviftar— literally, demanded Arnkel for himself a saving verdict, which, however, is not an absolute equivalent for the original, because of kvrSr having a twofold meaning; first, a sworn-in number of men, consisting, according to the nature of the case, of five, nine, or twelve neighbours ; secondly, the utterance, declaration, or verdict of such a body. In its first sense, we take it, kvttSr is an " ablaut " development of the root kvaft, in the verb kveftja, to call upon, to call out, to levy; while in its second it is a similar development from the same root in the verb kve^a (cf. Engl., quoth), to say, to utter, to state, to declare. The bjargkvftSr, then, was both a sort Of jury called in to give rebutting evidence in favour of the defendant, and the utterance or declaration given by this body. The bjargkvftSr should consist of five persons, nearest neighbours of the defendant ; he should call them out of the plaintiff's own so-called " frumkviSr," or original jury, which, if it consisted only of five neighbours, was then bodily called by the defendant ; but if it consisted of nine, five out of these, all being nearer neighbours than the remaining four, should be called : " .v. bvar scolo scilia vm biarg quiSo alia heimilis bvar fess manz er sottr er nema hann se sottr viS ix. bva qurS fa seal hann fa^an queftia v. af Jjeim bvom ix. til biarg qurSar

Notes. 281

ser }>a er naestir ero vetvang peim er fra var quatt." (Gragas, i. 69, with still more detailed rulings, p. 65). The object of the bjargkvrSr was to declare that the defendant's objection or objections to the finding or findings of the kviftr'of the plaintiff, frumkvi^r, were, in fact, true.

Page 82, 11. 29-30. " (Arnkel and Ulfar) took to them all the goods (of Orlig) that lay together there." Orlig was the freedman of Thorbrand of Swanfirth, and so was Ulfar. The law relating to a freedman's heritage, as it is preserved in Gragas, provides : "A man shall take heritage after his freedman, and after his freedwoman, unless to them has been born a son or a daughter ; if the children be legitimate, the heritage falls to the son ; if there be no son, then it falls to the daughter. But should they (freedm. or freedw.) die without issue, their goods shall return back to him who gave them their freedom. Should the children of a freed person die without issue, their goods have still to revert to the giver of the freedom, as much thereof, to wit, as the freed persons owned when they died, but should their goods amount to more, then that (the excess) falls to the kinsmen of the freed persons' children," etc., i. a. 227, and elsewhere to the same effect. It is clear that a brother, being a freedman, could not in law inherit a brother who also was a freedman. Thorbrand of Swanfirth was therefore in his right, for he was still alive, in claiming the goods of Orlig, to which Ulfar had no title. Arnkel's interference here was lawless and selfish, seeing that all Ulfar's goods were handselled to him (p. 79) in a manner that, at least by Thorbrand, was not regarded as good in law (p. 85).

Page 83, 1. 25. "at," read in.

Page 83, 1. 32. "Under the garth " = under the wall surrounding the homefield, tungarSr.

Page 88, 11. 24-25. " Then he let break down the wall behind him and brought him out thereby." The death of Thorolf took place very much in the same way as that of Egil's father, Skallagrim, whose temper was somewhat akin to that of Thorolf, being tainted with weird lycan-

282 The Saga Library.

thropy, though his character was of a higher type. Skallagrim called on Egil to pay him the weregild for Thorolf his son, who, in high command in Athelstan's army, had fallen fighting in the battle of Vina, and which the king had entrusted to Egil for the father. But Egil was not quite ready to give it up, — in fact, never meant to do so. So Skallagrim, having a large hoard of money, makes up his mind to pay the son out, and by night rides to a certain bog-pit, whereinto he sinks his two chests full of money, and afterwards rides home by midnight, goes in his clothes to bed, but is found the next morning sitting in his seat in the hall, dead and stark. Egil goes round by the aisle of the hall, and seizes Skallagrim from behind, and lays him down in the seat and gives him lyke help, z>., closes his eyes and mouth. Then he bids the southern wall to be broken through, whereby they carried Skallagrim headforemost out into the open. In both these cases the proceedings are practically the same. Both these men died within the same century, Skallagrim early in it, Thorolf late. It would seem that in those times it was customary to teach him who was supposed to be likely to walk again a way to the house which did not lead to the door of it, but to the obstructing wall — a custom which seems to trace its origin to the imagination that ghosts being brainless were devoid of initiative. To this day the belief exists in Iceland that the spirit of the dead visits all localities on earth where the person has been, before it passes to its final destination. This journey is supposed to take a miraculously shorttime. Page 92, 1. 6. " There let Arnkel raise a wall across the headland," etc. Ami Thorlacius, in Safn, ii. 282, says traces are still to be seen of the stone wall which Arnkel caused to be thrown across the headland, which is about three " man-heights " high, precipitous rocks forming its front and flanks, so that the only access to the head is down from the slope above it. Cf. Kalund, Beskr. i. 450, and footnote.

95» I- 25. "Now the talk fell on pairing men

Notes. 283

together." This was an amusement in which the men of old were fond to indulge, highly mischievous though mostly it proved, even as here was the case. The best sport in man-pairing, " mannjafna'Sr," on record, is that provoked by King Eystein of Norway, when he selected for his pair, " jafna'Sarmann," his own brother, Sigurd the Jerusalem-farer. — Heimskringla, 681 (also Morkinskinna, 186-187, and Fornmannasogur, vii. 118).

Page ioi,l. 28. Ward of the mess, mess-ward, " bu^arvorSr." We have advisedly translated this compound thus, both here and at p. 1 14, in spite of the interpretation of the Dictionary, for this is obviously the meaning imparted to the term by the author of our saga : " halda butfarvorS " (Eb. 69, 13-14), " hljota buSarvorS " (ib. 78, »), can only mean literally to hold, to get by lot, the ward of the "bu3." "VorSr," therefore, does not mean "cibus," meat, here, but the word meaning "cibus," victual, is "bulS," as in " birSar-beini " = meat-treatment, consisting of greens, which the record states in the immediately preceding line were duly " mat-buin"= prepared for meat (Heilagramannasogur, ii. 424, and note 4). " Bu^ " would then really seem to be = mat-bu:S, meat preparation, hence the prepared meat itself, mess. When "birSar-vorSr" is made to mean meat, mess, that use of the compound seems to depend on the feeling that "vorSr," ward = " verSr," meal, meat, and is but a translation of " birS " in its obsolete sense of meat, mess. " Buft," though mostly occurring as a term neutral of state, condition, has preserved its active force in "umbu'S," the doing round, wrapping, bandaging.

Page 102, 1. 27. " In his bag were three hundreds in wadmal," meaning wadmal, homespun, or russet of the length of 360 standard ells, consequently of the current value of so many ells.

Alin, oln = ell, was : (i) a standard of measure = i8f inches, or the length that an average human arm was supposed to measure from the elbow-joint to the tip of 'he longest finger ; (2) a standard of value :

284 The Saga Library.

6 ells making I eyrir = ounce (8 ounces = mark). 48 „ „ i mork= mark l(2£ marks = hundred). 1 20 „ „ I hundred.

Page 1 02, 1. 28. For "twelve skins for sale," read twelve cloaks of marketable russet or wadmal.

Page 112, 1. 14. "Now a great deerhound was with Egil," etc. The deerhound meant is a fox-hunting dog, the fox being often called "dyr," in connection with its depredations among the flocks in hard winters. The erne or eagle here was probably supposed to be the "fylgja," fetch, or genius natalis, which went with Thorolf Haltfoot through life, and had not yet quite parted from him, since still he was walking.

Page 119, 1. 4. "And made fast to the door-post a purse wherein were twelve ounces of silver." For doorpost a closer rendering would be " the door-groove "- hurSar-klofa — for the door must, since it was a door " a klofa," have been one that moved either up and down like a. portcullis, or else one that moved sideways in its groove. Both kinds of doors were known in ancient Iceland.

Page 1 20, 1. 20. "Steinthor cast a spear over Snorri's folk for his good luck, according to ancient custom." This, no doubt, was an ancient custom, meaning that he who threw the spear, accompanying the throw by a prayer to Odin, devoted his enemies to the god of battle. A good illustration of the custom we have in the case of King Eric the Victorious at the battle of Fyrisfield against Styrbiorn : " That same night went Eric to the temple of Odin, and gave himself to the god that he might grant him victory, and bargained for ten years' respite from death. Many a thing he had sacrificed before, for the outlook on his side was the less hopeful. Shortly afterwards he saw a great man in a slouching hat, who handed to him a reed-rod and bade

1 Mark and ounce were also measures of weight : 8 ounces = i mark, 20 marks making i farthing, "fjorfcungr," 8 farthings making i weight, " vaett."

Notes. 285

him shoot it over the host of Styrbiorn, uttering this thereby : ' Odin owns you all ! ' And when he had shot, it seemed to the king as if a dart was aloft that flew over the host of Styrbiorn ; and forthwith Styrbiorn's army was smitten by blindness, and he himself afterwards. Thereupon such portents befell as that an earthslip broke loose from the upper part of the mountain and rushed adown upon the army of Styrbiorn, and all his folk were killed. And when King Harold (of Denmark) saw this, he together with all the Danes took to flight, and straightway gained their sight when they got beyond the range of the flight of the spear." — Fornmannasogur, v. 250, from Flatey book, ii. 72. This seems to be a later development of Odin's own act in the war between his own host, the "^Esir," and that of the hostile " Vanir," to which allusion is made in Voluspa, 24,. in the words :

Flung Odin, (i.e. his spear) into the folk he shot,

which clearly means that he consecrated his enemies to destruction by hurling his spear over and into their host. Odin's "geirr" = spear plays, in connection with the rite of consecration to death, an extensive part in the old heathen ritual. When he himself hung on the tree, the VingamerSr (a vindga meifti), the windy, wind-swept gallows, he says of himself that he was :

geiri unda$r

ok gefinn O$ni,

sjalfr sjalfom m€r :

With gar (spear) wounded

and given to Odin,

Self unto myself. — HaVdmdl, 138.

And the Ynglinga saga (ch. 10) tells us that when Odin (of history) was nigh to death, he caused himself to be " marked with a spear's point, and therewith he claimed as his own all ' weapon-dead ' men." Hence it became a common death-consecration custom in mythic times. to mark oneself with a spear (to Odin). Self-immola-

286 The Saga Library.

tion by a spear, as well as the consecration to death of enemies by a shaft thrown over them and into them, accompanied by an invocation, were thus parallel rites instituted by the god of war himself.

Page 1 20, 1. 30. " But the fair- wrought sword bit not whenas it smote armour," etc. This is a very common experience in Scandinavian weapons, and for the first time heard of in history at the battle of Aquae Sextise between Marius and the Teutons. The sagas abound in anecdotes about the exceeding desire the Northern warrior evinced, wherever he came, for a good weapon, the simple meaning of which is, that in the North weaponsmiths who understood how to forge tempered or steel laminated weapons were, if not unknown, at least very rare. Gretti's fight in the barrow of Kar for the famous sax, the very name of which designates it as a weapon of Southern make, and Gunnar's fight for his famous bill, are only illustrations of struggle for relief from a general and severely-felt want ; and the many stories preserved about the preternatural powers and peculiarities of many pet weapons show what an ideal conception a badly-weaponed but highly warlike people had of the mysterious art of tempering iron. The weaponthing which we are told in Gretti's saga the Vaerings always held before they went on an expedition, no doubt meant principally examination of the weapons which new Northern arrivals had brought, in order to ascertain if they were as good as those used by the Byzantine soldiery.

Page 128, 1. i. "Steinthor and his men had gone their ways and come aboard off the ice," read : and come off the ice up at the bottom of the bay — " komnir inn af fjarSarisnum." The situation was this : Swordfirth cuts into Thorsness from east to west ; between it and Templesteadwick, which cuts from west to east into the ness, is a narrow low neck of land. The Ere-dwellers had drawn their ten-oarer out of its stand in Swordfirth, and all the way up to the bottom of it, and then over the

Notes. 287

neck and on to the ice of Templesteadwick, even to the very edge of it. Then they went from the west again to fetch the outfit of the boat which had been left behind, together with their clothes and heavy weapons, and then ran up against the Thorbrandsons coming from the south and crossing Swordfirth in the direction of Holyfell. When Snorri appeared on the field of deed the Ere-dwellers had evidently had time after the close of the battle to gather together what they had come to fetch, and to carry it all, together with the wounded Bergthor, as far as where the ice on Swordfirth ceased and the above-mentioned narrow neck began.

Page 128, 1. 10. "Then he took up in his hand together blood and snow," etc. This is the only instance we know of blood being tasted in order to ascertain whether it be vital blood or not. Snorri declares it to be " hol-bl63," blood from the hollow or abdominal part of the body, " life-blood," for Bergthor was struck in the " middle." That would then mean black blood, which had not come in contact with the air in the lungs. Medical men assure us that there is no difference in taste between the black and red blood. Snorri knew probably that the man was mortally wounded, and on the strength of that knowledge gave out his declaration.

Page 132, 1. 19. "But hard have such great men as those been to win in their houses, even when they were set on with more men," etc. Snorri's wary harangue to his following seems to be thrown in here solely in order to give a telling touch to Snorri's unwarriorlike character. This journey of Snorri's befell in 998, but the onset on and slaughter of Gunnar of Lithend took place 990.

Page 134, 1. 28. "They fell in with a north-easter which prevailed long that summer."' . This notice prepares the story told in ch. Ixiv. of Gudleif 's meeting with Biorn in America.

Page 135, 1. 9. "Snorri Thorbrandson," read "Thorbrand, son of Snorri."

Page 135, 1. 1 8. " Next it befell that Gizur the White

288 The Saga Library.

and Hiallti his son-in-law came out to preach Christ's law." Hiallti was married to Vilborg, the daughter of Gizur (Landn., i. ch. 21, p. 63).

Page 135, 1. 27. "Now this whetted men much to the building of churches," etc. This is a telling instance showing howthe preachers ofthe new faith accommodated themselves to heathen traditions for the purpose of winning the ruling and wealthiest class over to the Church. The brave heathen leader of war-hosts was welcomed by Odin in Valhall, together with his faithful followers fallen in battle with him. The Christian chief is assured of a similar reception in the Kingdom of Heaven for himself and as many as his church will hold !

Page 139, 1. 1 6. "Thorgunna (was) set to work at as much as a neat's winter-fodder " — " nauts-foSr." Here, apparently, " nauts-fo^r " means 'the same as the more common term, " kyr-fo'Sr," the amount of hay deemed sufficient to feed a cow through the winter, from the time she goes " off" grass in autumn, till the time she is turned on to pasture in spring. There can be no doubt that it must in the old days have amounted to very much the same as at present, namely, about thirty horse-loads, each of which should weigh about 240 Ibs.

Page 141, 1. 4. " I would be borne to Skalaholt if I die of this sickness," etc. At this time dwelt at Skalaholt Gizur the White, according to some records at least (Hungrvaka, ch. ii., Saga Olafs Tryggvasonar, Fornm. s. ch. 216) ; but according to others, he lived at Mossfell as late as 1012 (Njala, ch. 135), and was the first man that built a house at Skalaholt, which Kristni Saga (ch. 12) clearly indicates to have taken place some years after Christianity was made law in Iceland. Both these latter records are older than the two former. Thorgunna's prophecy concerning the worship the place would be held in refers to its being made the see of the bishop of Iceland, which did not come about till fifty-six years after the date at which our saga supposes her death to have occurred (1000), technically even a good deal later.

Notes. 289

Page 145, 1. II. The description given of the moon of Weird — " urSar-mdni " — indeed, the mention of this portent, is only found here, and no allusion to it exists elsewhere in the literature, that we are aware of. " Urftr," gen. "urSar," was one of the three northern fates, the others being VerSandi and Skuld, which names clearly indicate the Past, Present, and Future. Weird's moon would seem generally to have been taken as a portent that betokened an act that Fate had already accomplished, while here it seems to be Urd's notice of what she had decided should come to pass within VerSandi's and Skuld's domain, namely, the troubles, such as sickness, which were to fall on the people of Frodis-water (VerSandi's business), and death thereon following (Skuld's affair).

Page 154, 1. 15. " Brand," read Bard.

Page 154, 1. 23. "Thorstein was the cousin of," &c. See Genealogies.

Page 157, 1. 15. " He" (Uspak) "was a married man, and had a son called Glum, who was young in those days." See vol. i., pp. 76, 185.

Page 1 57, 1. 26. Thambardale. We have left the Icelandic form of the first part of this compound uninterfered with, chiefly on the ground of euphony, partly also because of the awkward sense of j>6mb. See Diet. Thambar=Thamb-ar=of the river of Thomb. Probably the name was given to the river in consequence of it having caused some accident to a cow or a mare (less likely, a ewe), which bore the name of " ]?6mb."

Page 158, 1. 4. For Sturla Thiodrekson's family connections, see vol. i., Preface, and the Story of Howard the Halt.

Page 158, 1. 15. "Earth-ban," jarS-bonn, a common term to this day, indicating that all pasture is intercepted by the thickness of the snow on the ground.

Page 158, 1. 21. " Goi." See vol. i., p. 189.

Page 163, 1. 27. (Snorri) "sat at home until the time came for the court of forfeiture to sit" — "sat heima

II. U

290 The Saga Library.

til feransd6ms." This court was held fourteen days after judgment had fallen against the accused ; or, if the case had been decided against him by award, fourteen days after the next following Althing. As a rule, it was held at the home of the guilty person, but in cases where his proper domicile or district of amenability to justice were uncertain, the court was held at the house of the GotSi who was regarded as being most concerned in the case. The court should be established within an arrow's shot-reach of the enclosure to the homefield, on that side of the same which pointed directly towards the home of the plaintiff, if the circumstances of the locality would allow such spot outside the homefield to be occupied ; but it was also provided, that the seat of the court should be chosen where there was " neither acre nor ing " (=mowable meadow). The Gofti, within whose jurisdiction the court was held, should nominate twelve judges for it out of the nearest neighbours, for which nomination it signified nothing whether the neighbours were the Gobi's Thingmen or not. The judges could be challenged by the defendant even as the members of a jury could be. The executor (plaintiff) should summon, three nights or more before the meet of the court, five of the nearest neighbours to deliver all verdicts before it. He should likewise summon thither those who were witnesses to the delivery of the judgment or the award against the accused in the first instance. The creditors of the accused should likewise meet before this court, having summoned thither their witnesses, or, in case they had none such, the proper complement of nearest neighbours. Every creditor was to have what debt he had against the accused paid in full, or, in case his means sufficed not, reduced at a proportionate rate to those of the rest. When all creditors \vere satisfied, the Go$i was the next first claimant to his share in the remainder of the accused's property : he should have a cow or an ox four years old, or, if so much was not left over, one mark. Of the remainder

Notes. 291

one half fell to the share of the plaintiff, the other half to that of the men of the Quarter or of the Thing, according as the accused was condemned at the Althing or the Spring Thing (for Quarter and Thing, see vol. i., xxx. foil). For the elaborate legislation relating to this court, see especially Gragas, i. a, 83-96.

Page 164,1. 5. "Raven was by-named the Viking. He was nought but an evil-doer." " Vikingr " is frequently used as a synonym for evil-doer, thief, and robber. Thus in our own saga we read : " Snorri the Priest and Sturla scattered the vikings," namely, Uspak and his band. So also the term is used of Thorir Thomb and his companions, who elsewhere are described as the worst of robbers and evil-doers (Grettir's s., xix.). The first settler of the bay of Bitter, Thorbiorn Bitter, is even in Landnama said to have been " a viking and a scoundrel " (ii., ch. 32, p. 159). This sense of the word is supposed to be due to degeneracy, by lapse of time, from something nobler which once upon a time was implied by it. That probably is a mere mistake. The viking's profession, whenever it is mentioned, is chiefly defined as robbery, arson, and manslaughter. Perpetrated on foreigners = natural enemies, it mattered not, especially as it served the end of military distinction at home ; exercised on fellowcitizens, living under laws of their own making, its real nature appeared in its true light ; hence, from the first, the viking was — abroad, a hero ; at home, a scoundrel.

Page 165, 1. 12. "And then stretched north away over the bay into Bitter." The bearing from Waterness into Bitter is, as nearly as possible, due west. Our text calls it " north," even as the Waterness people to this day prefer to indicate the point. The reason of this is, that Bitter lies within the bailiwick of the Strands, a district the main part of which lies much farther to the north than Waterness, and thus the bearing of it from that point gives to every locality within it the same designation of the cardinal point.

Page 1 66, 1. 26. " Now Sturla Thiodrekson sent word

292 The Saga Library.

from the west," namely, to Snorri the Priest, now living at Saelingsdale-tongue. The two localities are due north and south by the compass. In the local speech, however, to this day, the direction from Saurby, Sturla's countryside, to Saelingsdale, is said to be from the west. The real reason of such liberty being taken with the actual cardinal point of the compass is that, the choice of terms lying between west and north, the latter could not be used, since the listener to the story would involuntarily connect it at once with the North-country, where, too, in Eyjafjord, there is even a Saurby, while the former term indicates Saurby as that of the West-country, and also points to the fact, that the valley so called opens upon the district known as the West-Firths proper, which cut into the peninsula across the bay right in front of the view opened out from the mouth of the Saurby valley.

Page 167, 1. 10. (Thrand) "was said to be not of one shape while he was heathen," &c., — ok var kalla^r eigi einhamr. The meaning of this is, that Thrand had the power of changing his shape as occasion served, which power was believed to be the special gift of Odin, the first and greatest of shape or skin-changers : " Odin changed shapes ; lay then the body, as if asleep or dead, while he himself was a fowl, or a four-footed beast, or fish, or snake, and went in a moment into far-away countries on his own or other folks' errands." — Ynglinga saga (chapter vii.). This same power he imparted to goddesses and Valkyrjur, and among men it was specially imparted to his immediate descendants, the Volsung family (Volsunga saga, chaps, vii. and viii.). Witches and people " ancient in mind," as well as those who were supposed to descend from trolls and giants, were chiefly credited with this peculiar power. The belief is not peculiar to the North, though few peoples' literature is so full of it as the Icelandic ; it is common to all nations, its primitive source being probably the Dream.

Notes, 293

Page 167, 1. 26. "East across the firths." The " firths " the author has in his mind are small bights that cut into the land east of Bulands-head, together with the broad bay called Groundfirth, the eastern littoral of which is formed by Ere (Onward Ere), on the narrow isthmus of which, near its eastern shore, is the homestead of Eidi, from which Thrand took his straight course over the icelaid firths unto Tongue. The distance Thrand made was, as the crow flies, forty-seven English miles — with the necessary bends, some fifty miles odd ; he walked this distance apparently in about twelve hours, at a steady pace consequently of about four miles an hour.

Page 168, 1. 12. " They went " (Snorri and his band) " north over Gablefell-heath . . . and came to Tongue in Bitter in the evening, and there was Sturla abiding them." Snorri took the way in a north-easterly direction, first probably along the neighbouring Swinedale, from which he struck, on the right, the road over Gablefell-heath, while Sturla, living further to the north, went straight east, and came down into Tongue by the road leading over Tongueheath.

Page 170, 1. 2. " Twirl-spear," sneri-spj6t, a weapon which elsewhere is called either snceri-spjot (Heimskringla, 537) or snaerisspj6t (= snceris-spjot) (Fornm. sogur, vi. 76, Isl. sogur, ii. 1830, p. 267). The Dictionary only translates it javelin. Weinhold, " Altnordisches Leben," 194, calls it " Spiess mit Schwungriemen," but we don't see what sort of purpose hurling-strops could have answered in connection with such a weapon. It seems more likely that it was a weapon with some contrivance by which it was made to twirl round in the air for a steadier flight and surer aim.

Page 171, 1. i. " Glum afterwards had to wife Thordis, daughter of Asmund the Long-hoary," &c., cf. The Story of the Banded Men, vol. i., 76 foil. ; The Story of Grettir the Strong, ch. xiv.

Page 171, 1. 26. "Nor has any man had heart to dwell there (at Lairstead) by reason of these things."

294 The Saga Library.

To the author of our saga thus a tradition was known to the effect, that after Arnkel's death Lairstead was never, up to his day, inhabited. Ami Thorlacius, in his description of the localities of our saga (Safn til sogu Islands, ii. 280) says : " This is now a waste place, and without doubt has been so for many centuries, so little is now to be seen of the remains of the housetofts. The house has stood in the midst of a level lawn, a short way north-below Vadils-head, about six hundred feet up from the sea ; the site, however, is called Lairstead (a BolstaS) still to this day."

Page 172, 1. 29. "Now it was at the time of nightmeal whenas Thorod came home." This was the last of the so-called " dags-mork," day-marks, or time points into which the civil day of Iceland was and still is divided. These divisions are as follows :

1. " Rismal," rise-meal, or " miftr morgunn," "miSmorgunn," mid-morning, sun due E. = 6 A.M.

2. " Dagmal," daymeal, sun due S.E. = 9 A.M.

3. " Hddegi," highday, noon, sun due S. = 12 o'clock.

4. " MtfSdegi" or " miSmunda," midday, sun due S.S. W. = 1.30 P.M.

5. " N6n," nones, sun due S.W. = 3 P.M.

6. " Mi$r aptann " or " miftaptann," mid-eve, sun due W. = 6 P.M.

7. " Nattmdl," nightmeal, sun due N.W. = 9 P.M. Page 173, 1. 8. " Now the cow went often down to

the strand, and the place whereas the bale had been litten, and licked the stones whereon the ashes thereof had been driven." It seems clear, that behind this feature of this uncanny story there is floating a dim reminiscence from Snorra Edda's account of the cow AuShumla or AuShumbla : " Then said Gangleri : * What did the cow feed on ? ' High says : ' She licked the rimy stones that were salt,' " &c., i. 46.

^ Page 194, 1. 22. Thorsteinson, read Thorgautson. Cf. Preface, xxxiii.

Page 197, 11. 4, 5. « There was a man hight Thorgaut,

Notes. 295

who dwelt at a stead called Sleylech in Burgfirth," &c. The course of the story afterward, especially the description of the journey of Bardi's spies, makes it quite clear, that Thorgaut dwelt, not at Sleylech, but at Thorgautstead in Whitewaterside. The meadow Goldmead was a portion, as still it is, under the name of "teigarnir"= the Meads, of the land of Thorgautstead. This plot of land Bardi's spies have clear in view from Hallwardstead, the nearest house, on the southern side of Whitewater, to Thorgautstead (p. 223). Towards Thorgautstead Gisli flies from Goldmead and is slain against the homefield fence, and carried home and laid at the feet of his father, who is tacitly recognized as the master of the place (pp. 227-29). From Hallwardstead it was impossible to have any view at all of the house of Sleylech, which from there is hidden behind the southern shoulder of Sidefell (i.e.t Whitewaterside-fell), being situate on its northern slope facing Thwartwater. Olafsson's account here of Lyng-Torfi's slippery errand is very faulty. The later saga makes it quite evident that he got a sword from each of the two, Thorgaut and Thorbiorn Brunison. On the day that Bardi starts for the south, Thorarin gives him a sword, telling him of Lyng-Torfi's errand, and saying : " But Thorberg my son hath the other weapon, and Thorbiorn owns that, but Thorgaut owns that which thou hast" (pp. 215-16) ; in slaying Gisli, Bardi "hewed at him with the sword Thorgaut's-loom " (p. 229) ; and in the fight on the Heath both swords turn up again, one wielded by Bardi, the other by Thorberg — it is a mere slip, on the part of the saga, when Thorberg is made to wield the sword of Thorgaut instead of that of Thorbiorn (p. 235).

Page 199, 1. 20. " Six weeks," read seven weeks.

Page 201, 11. 16-19. "Say thou that they shall not be bound to fare with thee, if thou comest not to each one of them on the Saturday whenas it lacketh as yet five weeks of winter." As stated in the preceding note, this talk between Thorarin and Bardi took place when seven weeks were yet left of the summer. Page 203 we see that

296 The Saga Library.

Bardi went to the man-mote on the Sunday preceding the Saturday of .the summer week already mentioned, which Sunday, of course, fell within that week which was the sixth, counting backwards, from the end of the summer. Winter began on the Saturday before St. Luke's day, Oct. 1 8th, or on St. Luke's day itself, if it fell on a Saturday. By the chronology of our saga, the Heath-slay ings took place in 1021 (see Preface). In that year, Oct. i8th fell on a Wednesday; winter then began on the previous Saturday, Oct I4th; the Friday and Thursday, Oct. 1 3th and I2th, preceding that, were the so-called Winternights, so that the last week of summer closed on Wednesday, Oct. nth. Hence, Thursday, Aug. 24th, begins the seventh but last week of summer. Within this week then the raid on Burgfirth was resolved upon. Nothing, however, was let out about it, till Bardi came to the folkmote at Thingere that was held on the following Sunday, which fell within the sixth but last week of summer, that is to say, on Sept. 3rd. On the Saturday following, within the fifth but last week of summer, i.e., on Sept. Qth, the band was gathered in by Bardi, cf. pp. 208-11,

Page 202, 1. 7. " Nephews," read cousins. They were the sons of Hermund, brother to Gudmund, Bardi's father.

Page 203, 1. 28. " It befell here last summer, that I fell out with a man hight Thorarin, and he was wounded by my onslaught," &c. This refers to that endbit of a chapter with which the fragment of the Heathslayings' story now begins in the old MS. (mentioned in our introductory notice to the story, p. 199). We give it here in a literal translation as it stands : —

. . . . " Six days. Now Haldor misses the horses and seeks for them, and finds them, and deems they have been sadly used and goes now on a meeting with Ihorarin ; and now he loses his temper to him and dealeth him such a wound as was a sore hurt to him howbeit not baneful ; so this matter cometh before the

Notes. 297

two, Hoskuld and Eilif, and they crave that boot be done for their Thingman. To that matter he (Haldor) taketh nowise readily, nor did they come to peace on that affair ; and thus done, the matter now stands on awhile."

Bardi arranged with the two goSar to settle the matter on behalf of Haldor when four weeks were still left of summer, p. 204, and amid the broken readings from which we have given a summary, pp. 242-43, one gathers that Bardi came to the arranged peace-meeting, but what the result was can only be guessed, peace apparently.

Page 206, 1. id "Burg," the homestead of Bardi's brother-in-law, Eyolf, is defined, p. 256, as Burg the southernmost. To this day there are two homesteads in the locality between lower Willowdale-water and Westhope-water, named Burg the "northernmost" and " southernmost," the one north, the other south of Burgwork (cf. Preface). At present the northernmost is by a great deal the more considerable property of the two.

Page 211, 11. 8-12. "They had all come out and landed west in Willowdale, but Gudbrand, their father, and Gudrun, their mother, dwelt west (ut) in Willowdale, at the stead called thereafter Gudbrandstead." " Bardi," on returning from his banishment, "betook himself to Gudbrand his brother-in-law," p. 256. After the Althing at which he was betrothed to Snorri's daughter, " Bardi rides to Waterdale to his alliances," and leaving Snorri the next spring after he married his daughter, " Bardi goeth north to Waterdale, where he tarrieth with Gudbrand his brother-in-law," p. 257. Kalund has made a careful inquiry into the local statements noted here, and avers positively that no tradition now exists to show where a house called Gudbrandstead might have been either in Willowdale or Waterdale. In the story of the Waterdale-men (Vigfusson's ed., 1860, pp. 61, 194), Gudbrand Thorsteinson, the grandson of Ingimund the Old, the settler, is stated to have dwelt at Gudbrandstead, which undoubtedly then was a house in Waterdale. But

298 The Saga Library.

he could hardly have been alive at this time, seeing that his father was a mature man about 935, when Ingimund died. Kalund is inclined to accept the reading Willowdale in the two places where Waterdale occurs, because one of Bardi's brothers-in-law, Eyolf of Burg, notably lived in Willowdale, and Bardi had only two of them, at least mentioned in the saga, so the statement that he rode " to Waterdale to his alliances," would not agree with the saga in the case of one of them ; both, therefore, he thinks, must have lived in the valley where the one that was well known, lived.

Page 211, 1. 29. "Now shalt thou ride home to Asbiorn's-ness," &c. This was the Saturday, Sept. 9th (note to p. 201) ; next day, Sunday, Sept. loth, the start for the south is made, and Nial's house reached at night, 212-21 ; Monday, Sept. nth, they ride from Nial's and rest for the night on the Heath, 222 ; Tuesday, Sept. I2th, they ride down into Copsedale, where " they sleep the night away," 222-23; Wednesday, Sept. I3th, early in the morning, the attack is made and Gisli slain ; late in the day the Heath-battle is fought, and the darkness of night saves Bardi and his from Illugi's pursuit, 227-42.

Page 212, ch. xxii. Thurid, Bardi's mother, is represented in our saga as a woman in the enjoyment of full energy of middle life. She strikes her son, a married man, in the face (p. 193), she bestirs herself busily in arraying for her sons an insulting meal, sings and raves, and lastly, means to take the command of the expedition. Yet at this time she has two grandsons eighteen years of age, and her husband was, if we may trust Jon Olafsson's memorial rehearsal of the lost leaves, a very old man when he heard of the death of his son. In our saga it is not stated whose daughter Thurid was, but we learn from Landnama and Laxdaela saga that she was daughter of Olaf Peacock, who, about 970, married Thorgerd, daughter of Egil Skallagrimson. Now even supposing she was the oldest of his children, and married very young, say about 990, and gave birth to her daughter

Notes. 299

Gudrun c. 992, and she again married very young, say about 1012, she could not have sons of eighteen years old by this time. Vigfusson's suggestion that Thurid may have been rather a sister of Olaf, who indeed had a sister of that name, consequently also sister to Hallgerd of Lithend fame, seems only plausible.

Page 212, 1. 24. " Nigh witless of wits art thou become," ertu naer dvitandi vits (Islendinga sogur, ii. 337, 15). This remarkable passage is a quotation from the Older Edda, hitherto unnoticed, and, if we are not mistaken, the only direct one as yet pointed out in the sagas, whose silence in this respect has naturally puzzled all critics ; that it is set forth in a negative instead of a positive form, because the context requires it, makes, of course, no difference. The illustration is found in Havamal, strophe 18:

Sa einn veit, es viSa ratar ok hefir fjol^ um fariS, hverjo ge^Si stjhrir gumna hverr, sa es vitandi er vitz ; i.e. :

one wot I, who wanderth wide

and many farings fareth,

to know what mind each man may wield

that wots he's wise of wits.1

Given a negative turn to the last line of the strophe, we have exactly Steingrim's half-despairing reproach to his mother, which even in the context of the original stands out convincingly as an endeavour of a pious son to veil by a venerable quotation of exquisite delicacy the direct rude term which passion prompted, namely, "vitlaus" = mad, maniacal.

Page 218, 1. 2. The Nipsdale here mentioned need not necessarily be the name of Nial's house, but rather

1 To let the last line refer to the experienced and observing traveller, as the Corpus Poeticum, i., p. 3, does, makes this fine strophe quite meaningless.

3OO The Saga Library.

that of the valley in which it was situated, its name not being given. The valley is still called Nipsdale (Nupsdalr), in which two farmsteads bear the name of Nip (Niipr), distinguished by "upper" and "nether." A name Nialstead (NjalsstaSir) is still given to the ruins of an old crofter-dwelling further up the valley, possibly pointing to Nial's eleventh-century habitation.

Page 219,1. I. " Thingfare-pay," Jnngfarar-kaup, a term signifying both the pay that everyone who attended the Althing received, and especially the tax which was imposed for this purpose, but the standard amount of which ' is not stated. It was levied on everyone who, free of debt, possessed, for every servant, and every person whom it was his duty to maintain, a "cowgild " (a cow's worth), or a milking cow (havfot ku), or a net, or a boat, and besides all such furniture and appointments as were necessary for the needs of the household. He who had no servants (einvirki) should pay at a double rate, z>., at the rate of two " cow-gilds " per servant. But it was paid only by those who did not attend at the Althing, while those who did were not only exempt from it, but had their travelling expenses paid out of what the collection from non-attendants amounted to, provided they arrived on the Thursday the Thing assembled, the first day of the session. Many minute rules were prescribed relating to this tax, which was practically a property census, and on which the social status of the taxed depended. See Gragas, Finsen, s.v. )?ingfararkaup.

Page 220, 1. 19. "Now six men shall be up on the Bridge," &c., but only five are mentioned, while to the second reserve of six seven are allowed, one of whom figures oddly enough as the one " who came instead of Haldor," no substitute for Haldor having been mentioned before in the story, nor having any place in it at all. The confusion here is curious. Gefn's-Odd has evidently been the sixth man of the Bridge reserve, for his name does not appear either in the middle watch or

Notes. 301

among Bardi's attacking party of six. We imagine this may have come about in the following way. In some copy of the saga Odd's name had been left out by inadvertence. A later transcriber of that copy saw the mistake first when he got into the enumeration of the second watch, and not being able to remember by name the person omitted, nor inclined to lose time in looking him up, replaced him by " the man " who, he thought, must have been secured " instead of Haldor," when he backed out of the expedition.

Page 221, 1. 1 6. "Now shall ye ride away at your swiftest," &c. The point of this whole clause is evidently that, if Bardi and his manage to cross over to the northern side of the mountain water-shed between south and north, then the verdict or jury of neighbours would have to be summoned from their own country, instead of from the country-sides of the enemy. One cannot. see whether Thorarin's statement proceeds from the lawprinciple of nearest neighbourship, or from a customary tradition that the verdict in a suit for manslaughter committed on this side of the water-shed of a Quarter should be summoned from the same, irrespective of the distance to nearest neighbours. On this latter point we are not aware that the Gragas contains any provisions.

Page 240, 11. n, 12. "And he smote at him so that he fell and is now unfightworthy." The first " he " is Thorgisl, son of Hermund Solmundson, Bardi's first cousin, the following " him " and " he " is Thorgisl Hewer, whose wound proved fatal, he being one of the "eight from the South" who fell in the Heath-fight, p. 241, and was left unatoned by the award at the Althing, p. 249.

Page 241, 11. 17, 18. "But eight men from the South were fallen and three from the North." Here our author shows himself signally out of his bearings. The very description of the battle shows that ten from the South fell in this fight, which record taken page by page falls out as follows :

302 The Saga Library.

Page 236 (bottom). "Ketil" (son of Thorgaut) "fell" i

Page 236 (last line). " Then leapt Bardi unto Thorgaut and gave him his death- wound" . 2

Page 237. Thorbitrn Brunison, after fighting with Thorod and the sons of Gudbrand, " fell before Bardi " (line 29) 3

Pages 237, 238. Thorliot of Walls or " Sleybrook" fights with Eric Wide-sight, who "gives him a great wound, and he fell" (page 238, line 19) 4

Pages 238, 239. Eyolf, son of Thorgisl Hewer, fights with the sons of Gudbrand, and " they all lay dead at their parting " ... 5

Page 239, 11. 21, 22. "There fall the sons of Eid," Illugi and Eystein . . . . 6, 7

Page 240, 11. u, 12. "And he" (Thorgisl, son of Hermund) " smote at him (Thorgisl Hewer) " so that he fell and is now unfightworthy ; " that he was killed, page 249, line 18, proves .... 8

Page 240, 11. 24, 25. "Tanni fell before Bardi" . 9

Pages 240, 241. Eyolf, son of Thorfinna, fights with Gefn's-Odd and " gat a great wound," and Bardi " did him scathe " = gave him his quietus IO

To these comes Gisli . . . . , 1 1

The total loss on the part of the Northerners, including Hall, was four.

In setting forth the were-gild adjustment at the Thing, page 249, our author states :

A. That Southerners were paired against Northerners :

(6) i. Illugi J sons of \ /i. Hun

(7)2. Eystein t Eid J \ 2. Lambkar

Notes. 303

(S^ThorbiornBrunison = { 3- Th^son of

(i) 4. Ketilf sons of \ = (4. Hall, son of Gud- (u) 5. Gisli j Thorgaut j \ mund.

B. That there were left un atoned : (8) 6. Thorgisl Hewer, (5) 7. Eyolf, his son, (9) 8. Tanni the Handstrong, (10) 9. Eyolf, Thorfinna's son. But he leaves out of the account altogether (2) 10. Thorgaut (!) and (4) 1 1. Thorliot. In the verses attributed to Eric Wide-sight, p. 253, he says in the first that eleven, in the second nine fell from the South. This cannot be the genuine testimony of one and the same eye-witness. The first statement is evidently correct, as it agrees with the facts of the saga ; the second spurious, dating from the time when the present miscalculation had crept into the saga. Page 244, 1. 12. "Let us drop our visors" — tokum ofan bunat varn. Our rendering is borne out by the statement in the next paragraph, that Bardi had "a mask over his face" — hefir grfmu a hofSi se*r. The passage has been overlooked by lexicographers.

Page 244, 1. 26. " Spake Snorri : ' I am told, Thorgisl, that no man can set forth as well as thou the speech of truce.'" The real secret of Snorri's anxiety to get Thorgisl to bind himself unwittingly to peace with Bardi, and thereby dissociating himself from his enemies, was clearly this, that he had but lately been Halkel of Halkelstead's son-in-law, and brother-in-law to Illugi the Black and Tind, Snorri's pronounced enemies since the slaying of Stir, whom he thus deprived of an important ally.

Page 248, 11. 30, 31. "Thorgisl, the son of Ari, and Illugi, were appointed on behalf of the Southerners." There is an evident confusion in the story as to what part Illugi and his son Hermund respectively took in the affairs relating to Bardi. When the chase for Bardi was

304 The Saga Library.

called, we read (p. 232) : " But for that cause folk came not to Gilsbank, that Hermund was ridden to the ship." Again (p. 234) : " That same day withal folk went to Whitewater-meads to fetch Hermund, who was wending home again, and the messengers met him up from Thingness. There he leaveth behind all his train, and biddeth every man fare with him who might get away . . . and rideth after them." Next (p. 241) Hermund's part is foisted on Illugi : " Now it is to be told of Illugi that he cometh upon the field of deed," &c. Evidently we ought to read " Hermund " here. For Illugi could not be a party to a hostile pursuit of Bardi with intent to slay him, and yet sit as a judge in his case at the Althing.

Page 251, 1. 33. "Maybe it is Bardi yonder on the other side that we see from here" — "vera ma nu, at Barfti se* fyrir handan, er he'ftan of ser." These words must be supposed to have been spoken at Gudmund's house of Maddervales, situate some distance up the valley that runs inland up from the bottom of Eyiafirth. But that is a long way from Galmastrand, no neighbouring point of it even being in view from Maddervales. It seems almost as if the writer imagined that this strand was, on the eastern instead of western side of the firth, and so near to the bottom of it that it could be seen from the valley itself, for only the innermost part of Eyiafirth could be seen from Gudmund's house. Moreover, this is said to have happened at night, and now it was autumn, and evenings drawing in fast, so that nothing could be seen at all, for we know from the saga already that Bardi was late bound for sea. Maybe the statement is due to someone who thought that Gudmund dwelt at Maddervales in Horgriverdale. That house indeed is situate on the upmost or innermost border of Galmastrand, but in Such a manner that there is no view from it at all open towards this littoral tract. The whole passage must be spurious.

Page 254, 1. 20. " Thorolf," read Thorod.

Page 2 54, 1. 27. " Eyolf of Burg," read Thorod Kegward.

GENEALOGIES.

n.

GENEALOGIES.

I. THORSNESSINGS.

I. SNORRI THE PRIEST'S FOREFATHERS.

Ornolf Fishdriver

Thorolf Mostbeard m.

i i

(by former marriage)

Hallstein m. Osk,

d. of Thorstein the

Red

Thorstein Swart

Ketil Flatneb

Aud Deepminded m. Olaf the White

k,

he

Thorstein the Red

-Un

i

i Olaf

i

Feilan

Thorstein Codbiter m. Thora i

Thorgrim the Priest m. Thordis, d. of Sur

Thord Yeller Many children

Bork the Thick, m. Thordis, d. of Sur

SNORRI the Priest Thurid of Frodis- water Sam ii. SNORRI'S OFFSPRING. See Eredw. Story, pp. 183-190.

308 The Saga Library.

II. FOREFATHERS OF ARI THE LEARNED.

Olaf the White m. Aud the Deepminded

Thorstein the Red

I -- ' Olaf Feilan

r - r- -T— - --- r - T- -i Helga Ingiald Thora Thord the Grani Vigdis Thordi*

Yeller m. Alfdis of Barra

Eyolf the Gray (and many more children) Thorkel

Gellir

Thorgils

Ari the Learned

O a

UJ w

Genealogies.

•r* _» »-• O) >

-5-3 £.g

£ e^3

en

o 2

3io The Saga Library.

IV. ERE-DWELLERS. Thorolf Bladderpate Vestar of (Onward) Ere

Asgeir m. Helga, d. of Kiallak the Old

Thorlak m. Thurid, d.

of Audun Stoti i

Steinthor m. Bergthor Thurid, d. of Thorgils Arison

Thormod Thord m. Thorgerd, d. of Thorbrand of Swanfirth

Wall-eye

Helga

Gunnlaug m. Thurid Kolli m. Sigrid, d. of

the Wise, d. of Snorri Snorri the Priest the Priest

Genealogies.

V. THE RACE OF THOROLF HALT-FOOT.

Biorn Blinding-snout m. Geirrid, sister to Geirrod of Ere

Thorolf Halt-foot i

Arnkel

Gunnfrid m. Thorbein Geirrid m. Thorolf of Thorbeinstead Heriulfson

Sigmund

Thorgils Thorgerd m. THORARIN the Vigfus of SWART m. Aud. Drapalithe

VI. SWANFIRTHERS. Thorstein Snowshoe Fingeir of Swanfirth Thorfin

Sel-Thorir

Thorfin

Thorbrand m. Thurid (al. Thorbiorg) J

Thorleif Snorri Thorod Thorfin Thormod Thorgerd, d. Kimbi

Kar

The Saga Library.

VII. GILSBANK FAMILY, pp. 30, 153, 218, foil. Cf. Landn.

i. 18 ; ii. i, 2 ; iii. i. Saga of Gunnlaug the

Wormtongue, ch. iii.

Ketil Keelfarer Hrolf

Biorn Roughfoot Gunnlaug Thrand Skin-Biorn

"Nefja"

Hrapp

Orlig Hromund Hrosskel Asbiornm.Thorbiorg Eid

Thorir Thorstein Hord Midfirth

Skeggi

the Old

the Wealthy

Ve"laug m. Gunnlaug Hallkel I Wormtongue J 1

Thurid Dandle m. Hallkel

Illugi Eystein

Grima m. Thorarin Tind Finnward Illugi m. Ingibiorg Thorgils the I

Arison Black |

r -, 1 '

Gunnlaug the Wormtongue Ketil Hermund '

1 The "sons of Hermund," Thorod and Thorgils, who are mentioned in the Heath-slayings' Story, were the sons of Hermund Gudmundson of Ternmere, Bardi's uncle, not of Hermund Illugison, as Vigfusson thinks, Timatal, 441, 462, an assumption to which he has given undue chronological importance.

Genealogies.

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d. "o .G

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S" §

R 1,

t-H SO O

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INDEX.

INDEX.

I. PERSONS.

/| 7 SA of Swineisle, daugh- /-f^ terof Kiallak of Kiallakstead on Mi dfell strand, mother to Tinforni and Eyolf, 54.

ALF-A-DALES, Alfr i Dolum, father to Aud, the wife of Thorstein of Hafsfirthisle,

154-

ALF the Little, Alfr Litli, dwelt at Thambardale, on the southern side of Bitter, and was a Thingman of Snorri the Priest, and looked after his drift-rights round Gudlaugshead, 157; is robbed by Uspak of a quantity of new-cut whale flesh, 158160 ; is attacked in his house by Uspak, and robbed, 1 6 1 ; his case set right by Snorri the Priest, 165 ; his house is again broken into by Uspak, but he escapes by a secret passage and goes to Snorri the Priest invoking his aid, 165, 166.

ALFGEIR, Alfgeirr, a partowner with Biorn in a vessel arriving in Salteremouth, takes quarters with Thora-

rin the Swart of Mewlithe, 32 ; joins him in the fight with Thorbiorn the Thick, 34-36; takes shelter with him at Arnkel the Priest's, 42-44 ; abides by ArnkeFs counsel as to how to meet the blood-suit of Thorbiorn the Thick, 49.

ALOF, Alof, daughter of Gudmund of Asbiorn's-ness, prepares the victuals for her brother Bardi's expedition, 207, 216.

ALOF, Kiannok (Kjannok), so by-named to distinguish her from Alof, Bardi's sister, to both of whom she had been foster-mother, " wise exceedingly, and ancient things were stored in her mind," dights with Bardi's sister the victuals at Burg for his expedition, 207, 216; feels Bardi's body for indications of coming wounds, and winds round his neck a large pair of beads that save his life afterwards, 216, 217, cf. 236.

ALOF, daughter of Snorri the

The Saga Library.

Priest, married to Jorund Thorfinson, 184, 189.

ARI the Learned, son of Thorgils, Ari forgilsson, FroSi, quoted by the author of the Ere-dwellers' saga as his authority on genealogies, 12.

ARI, son of Mar, Masson, of Reek-knolls, 154.

ARNBIORN the Strong, Arnbjorn sterki, son of Asbrand of Combe, 27 ; takes berth in a ship bound for Norway in Streamfirth, to go seek his brother Biorn abroad, 102; smites Thorleif Kimbi on the neck with a boiling hot stirring stick, 103; sets up a house at Bank, 104, 1 08 ; wards himself in his house against an onslaught by the sons of Thorbrand, no, in; refuses to retaliate on them though urged by his Broadwick kinsmen, in ; too strong to be matched in plays and sports against any but his brother Biorn, 113; dismissed, with other Broadwickers, by Steinthor from his band when he brings the lawful thrall's-gild to Thorbrand of Swanfirth for Egil the Strong, 117.

ARNGRIM, Arngrimr, fosterling of Audolf of Audolfstead, one of Bardi's followers, 204, 210, 220.

ARNGRIM, son of Thorarin the Priest, son of Kiallak the

Old, commonly called Stir, q. v.

ARNI, the son of Ami, 184.

ARNI, the son of Arnmod, 184.

ARNI, son of Thorgaut, and brother to Gisli, married to Astrid, daughter to Thorarin of Thwartwater-lithe, joins in chasing Bardi, 231 ; sorely wounded in the battle on the Heath, 242.

ARNKEL the Priest, Arnkell goSi, son of Thorolf Haltfoot, 13 ; dwelt at Lairstead by Vadilshead, 20 ; his person described, 20 ; defends Geirrid, his sister, of Mewlithe, at the Thorsness Thing, against Snorri and Thorbiorn the Thick, on the charge of witchery, 29, 30; harbours Thorarin the Swart, after his fight with Thorbiorn the Thick, 4244 ; takes counsel with Thorarin, Vermund, and Alfgeir, as to how to meet the blood-suit after Thorbiorn the Thick, and advises that the guilty parties go abroad, as soon as possible, in Alfgeir's ship lying up in Salteremouth, 49 ; but on Snorri's burning of that ship Arnkel got them another at Daymealness, half of which he bought and gave to Thorarin, 5 1 ; sees Thorarin and Vermund off on leaving Iceland as far as Ellidis-isle, 5 1 ; refuses to accept Ver-

Index I.

mund the Slander's Bareserks, 58; refuses also his niece, Thorgerd, the widow of Vigfus of Drapalithe, in the first instance, to take up the blood-suit after her husband, to which, however, in the end he indignantly consents, 62-65; gets Snorri fined heavily for the slaying of Vigfus, and Mar Hallward's son outlawed for three years, 65 ; rights the wrongs done by his father to Ulfar of Ulfarsfell, 77, 78; and in requital thereof seizes seven oxen belonging to the former, and slaughters them for his own household use, 78 ; seizes his father's thralls in the act of burning Ulfar in his house, and hangs them at Vadilshead, 79 ; he accepts Ulfar's handselling of himself and all his belongings into his ward, thereby incurring the enmity of the sons of Thorbrand (and really signing his own death-warrant), 79; is prosecuted by Snorri for the slaying of his father's thralls, and pays for them ordinary thrall-gild, 80-82 ; shares with Ulfar of Ulfarsfell all Orlig's goods at his death, and incurs therefor the ill-will of the Thorbrandsons, who by law claimed the right to inherit their freedman, 82, 83 ; enII Y

tertains Ulfar at an autumn feast and gives him good gifts, 83, 84 ; ^ espies Cunning-Gils running from the murder of Ulfar with the shield, and bids his folk give chase to him and slay him, if he should be Ulfar's bane's man, which they do, 84, 85 ; refuses to join his father in reclaiming Crownesswood from Snorri, 87, 88 ; gives lyke-help and burial to the former, 88, 89 ; takes to himself all the goods of his father, 88, 89; digs his father up again and gives him a second burial at Haltfoot's-head, 90-92 ; ill content at Snorri's possession of Crownesswood, he slays his follower Hawk, when fetching timber thence, and appropriates it to himself, 92, 93; nonsuits Snorri in the bloodsuit for the slaughter of Hawk, 93, 96 ; escapes the attack of Snorri's hired assassin, Thorleif, and slays him, 94, 95 ; is attacked at night at Orligstead by Snorri and the sons of Thorbrand, and slain, 97-100 ; " laid in howe beside the sea out by Vadilshead," 101 ; the blood-suit after him so feebly pushed on that it was found expedient to amend the law of blood-suits, 101 ; immediately after his death

The Saga Library.

Thorolf Halt-foot begins to walk again, 171.

ARNMOD, Arnm6$r, the forefather of the famous Armodlings of Norway, 184.

ASBIRNINGS (family of the), in Skagafiord, descendants of Thorstein Codbiter, the son of Snorri the Priest, 185.

ASBIORN the Wealthy, Asbjorn AitfSgi, father-in-law to IIlugi the Black, 30.

ASBRAND of Combe, Asbrandr at Kambi, father of Biorn the Champion of the Broad wickers, and Arnbiorn the Strong, and Thurid of Frodis-water, 26, 27, 50; tends to Biorn's wounds on his return from the fight with Thorod Scat-catcher, 74 ; and pays on his behalf the mangilds for the sons of Thorir Wooden-leg, at the Thorsness Thing, 75 ; sends Arnbiorn abroad to find out the whereabouts of Biorn, 102.

ASDIS, daughter of Slaying Stir, " manly-souled woman and somewhat highminded, " 32 ; is wooed by the Bareserk Halli, 66-69 J married to Snorri the Priest, 70, 71 ; her children enumerated, 189.

ASGEIR, son of Vestar, married to Helga, daughter of Kiallak the Old, their son Thorlak, the father of Steinthor of Ere, n, 26; allies

himself with Thorgrim Kiallakson to break the sanctity of Thorsness Thing, 14; fights with the Thorsnessings in consequence, 15, 1 6.

ASLAK of Longdale, Aslakr f Langadal (son of Thorberg), joins Thorgest of Woodstrand in separating the Thorsnessings and Kiallekings fighting at Thorsness Thing, 15, 1 6 ; comes with a band of thirty men to separate the fighters at Swanfirth, 121, 123.

ASMUND the Long-hoary, Asmundr Haerulangr, father to Thordis, the wife of Glum, and to Grettir the Strong, 171.

ASTRID, AstrfiSr, daughter of Rolf the Hersir, wife to Kiallak the Old, 12.

ASTRID, daughter of Thorarin of Thwartwater-lithe, married to Ami Thorgautson, 231.

AUD, Au$r, daughter of Alf-aDales, mother of Thorstein Thorgilson of Hafsfirthisle,

154.

AUD, daughter of Snorri the Priest, see Unn.

AUD, the wife of Thorarin the Swart, of Mewlithe, 2 7 ; bestirs herself with her women to part her husband and Thorbiorn the Thick fighting, whereby her hand is cut off, 35 ; advises her

Index I.

husband to leave Mewlithe after the fight with Thorbiorn the Thick, and take shelter with powerful kinsmen, which he does, 38.

AUDOLF, AuSolfr, a goodman of Audolfstead, one of Bardi's following, 200, 209.

AUDUN Stote, Auftunn stoti, father-in-law of Thorlak, son of Asgeir of Ere, 21.

AUTH the Deep-minded, AuSr djiiptiEga, daughter of Ketil Flatneb, 3 \ married to Olaf the White, King of Dublin, 4; harbours her brother Biorn for a winter, 10; comes to Iceland, and settles in the lands of the Dales, ii.

BARD, BaYSr, the son of Hoskuld, one of Snonfs men on his second journey to Burgfirth in revenge for the slaying of Stir, 154, 289.

BARDI, al. Slaying (Viga-) Bardi, son of Gudmund, 183 ; hears the news of the slaying of his brother Hall, and offers the skipper Thorgils Hall's goods in reward for his kindness and honesty towards Hall, 193; is struck, in the face by his mother, for daring to sit in Hall's seat, while he is yet unavenged, 1 93 ; asks, by the advice of his foster-father, Thorarin, atonement at the hands of the relatives of

the sons of Harek at three successive Althings in vain, 194, 195; is insulted by Gisli Thorgautson, 194-196 ; secures, for Thorarin's peculiar plan of revenge, the service of Lyng-Torfi, 196; takes counsel with Thorarin how to get up an expedition to Burgfirth, 199-202 ; secures his following at the man-mote of Thingere, 203205 ; bandies words with Thord Fox, and lays heavy work on him for his pertness, 205, 206; takes the missing horses to Thord of Broadford, 208 ; gathers in his following, 209-2 1 1 ; his breakfast before starting, 212, 213 ; plays a trick on his mother so as to get his expedition rid of her, 213215; receives from his foster-father the good sword of Thprgaut, 215, 216; is examined by his foster-mother as to whether he be like to be wounded, and receives from her a large pair of beads twined round his neck, which saves his life afterwards, 216, 217, cf. 236 ; goes on his journey and guests at NiaPs in Nipsdale, 221, 22 2; goes next on the Heath, where he baits night-long, 222 ; sends from Copsedale two spies to find out how matters stand in Burgfirth, 223; sets on

The Saga Library.

Thorgaut's sons on Goldmead, allotting Ketil Brusi for himself and his brother Stein, Gisli for Day and Olaf, Thormod for Steingrim and Thord Fox, 228 ; slays Gisli, and forthwith retreats to the Heath, 229, 230; his retreat is greatly blamed by his following, 232» 233j takes unwillingly his stand on the ness which his foster-father had not recommended for a fightingstead, and arrays his men and gives out his orders, 234 ; provokes the battle on the Heath by showing forth Thorgaut's sword with which he had killed Gisli his son, 235^236 ; fights in the first brunt of the battle with Ketil Thorgautson, and Thorgaut his father, and slays both, likewise he deals with Thorbiorn of Walls, 235-237 ; fights in the third brunt of the battle with Tanni and slays him, 240 ; retreats at the request of Thorberg and the rest of his company, on seeing a large fresh band approaching from the south, 241 ; goes to his foster-father and tells him the tidings, 243 ; seeks from his relatives and friends supply of victuals for a body-guard he must maintain in his defence, and divorces his wife on account

of his father-in-law's miserliness in the matter, 243, 244 ; meets in disguise Snorri the Priest and wins him over, 244; pays no were-gild for those who fell of the Southerners, but together with fourteen of his followers undergoes banishment for three years, 249, 250 ; he and his brothers hand their property over to their kinsman Thorod Kegward, 250, 251 ; receives as free gift from Haldor his ship " with yard and gear/' goes abroad, is wrecked on Sigluness, where he loses all his goods, 251 ; is taken in for the winter by Gudmund the Rich, 251-253: on Thorod Kegward refusing to restore him his lands which he wanted to sell, Eyolf, son of Gudmund, advances him on those lands the money he wants, 254 ; goes to Norway, and is well received by King Olaf the Holy, 255 ; next he fares to Denmark, and then returns to Iceland, in great straits for money, and Eyolf gives up to him and his brothers their lands, 255, 256 ; marries Aud, the daughter of Snorri, and after two years* stay in Iceland goes with her to Norway, staying with Svein in Thiotta, where he puts Aud from him, 256-

Index I.

258 ; he goes and takes military service with the King of Garthrealm, and there falls in battle, 258,

259-

BARNE-KIALLAK, see Kiallak (son of Biorn the Strong).

BERGTHOR, Bergpdrr, son of Thorlak Asgeirson of Ere, and Thurid the daughter of Audun Stote, 2 1 ; joins his brother, Steinthor, in the fight of Sword firth, and is smitten in the midst, 125; and dies of that wound, 130 ; the slaying of him adjudged at Thorsness Thing,

131-

BIORN, Bjorn, a Norwegian, part-owner with Alfgeir in a vessel which came to Salteremouth, 32.

BIORN, a sister's son of Vigfus in Drapalithe, " a rash-spoken man and unyielding," 5 2 ; smites Helgi, Snorri's shepherd, with a pikestaff, at the sheepfolding of Tongue,

S** 53-

BIORN, son of Bolverk Blinding-snout, husband of Geirrid of Burgdale, father of Thorolf Halt-foot, 13.

BIORN, the Champion of the Broadwickers, BreiSvikinga kappi, son of Asbrand of Combe, 26, 27 ; begins to visit Thurid of Frodis- water after the death of her first

. husband, 50; repeats the visits after her marriage with

Thorod Scat-catcher, 72, 73 ; is way-laid by Thorod and his band, and overcomes them, killing two sons of Thorir Wooden-leg, 73, 74; is outlawed, goes and joins the vikings of Jomsburg, 75 ; returning to Iceland, makes Cnear in Broadwick his home for one year, but at his father's death takes the house of Combe, 104, 106; takes again to visiting Thurid of Frodis-water, 105-108 ; is overtaken by a snowstorm raised by Thorgrima Witchface, 106, 108 ; is deemed an over-match at sport for every man but his brother Arnbiorn, 113; seizes at Playhalls Egil, a thrall of Thorbrand of Swanfirth, an intending assassin, 115; dismissed from his band by Steinthor of Ere, when he brings Thorbrand the thrall's-gild for Egil, 117; on learning that Snorri had slily stolen a march upon Steinthor, he hastens with his band to join him in the battle of Swanfirth, coming in just as truce is settled, 122; his dealings with Snorri coming to Combe to take his life, 132-134; goes abroad, 134; saves Gudleif, son of Gudlaug the Wealthy, from being slain or enthralled in North America, where he turns up in the

The Saga Library.

character of a chief among the Indians, and sends by Gudleif gifts to Thurid and Kiartan of Frodis-water, 179-

183.

BIORN, son of Helgi,the Priest of Templegarth, 29, in.

BIORN the Easterner, hinn austraeni, son of Ketil Flatneb, fostered in lamtaland with Earl Kiallak, 3 ; marries Giaflaug, the earl's daughter: goes to Norway and seizes from the king's bailiffs his father's lands : is driven out of them and outlawed by King Harald : flies to Thorolf Mostbeard, 5, 6 ; sent by Thorolf with a longship west over the sea, 6 ; goes, disgusted at finding his kindred Christian there, after two years, to Iceland, makes haven in Broadfirth, takes land betwixt Staff-river and Lavafirth, and dwells at Burgholt in Bearhaven, 10; entertains for one winter his sister Auth (q. v.), until she took for herself the lands of the Dales, 1 1 ; his death and burial-place, n.

BIORN the Strong, sterki, son of Kiallak, an earl in lamtaland, brother-in-law to Biorn the Easterner, 3.

BIORN, son of Ottar, the son of Biorn the Easterner, father to Vigfus of Drapalithe, 12, 52.

BIORN Roughfoot, buna, son of Grim, a " hersir " of Sogn, father to Ketil Flatneb, 3.

BITTER - ODDI, Bitru - Oddi, first cousin to Thorstein of Hafsfirthisle, 154.

BOLLI, son of Bolli and Gudrun, the daughter of Osvif, 184.

BOLLI, son of Thorleik, the husband of Gudrun, daughter of Osvif, 153.

BOLVERK Blinding - snout, blindingatrjona, father to Biorn, the father of Thorolf Halt-foot, 13.

BORK the Thick, Borkr digri, son of Thorstein Codbiter, 18; dwelt at Holyfell after his father, and married his brother's widow, Thordis, Sur's daughter, 20; provides his nephew and stepson Snorri with means to go abroad, 21 ; is loth to harbour him on his return, 22, 190; bids his wife, Thordis and her son Snorri (the Priest) " welcome at their best " the slayer of the former's brother and the latter's uncle, 23 ; beats Thordis forherhighmindedness, and incurs Snorri's enduring wrath, 23 ; is ousted out of the estate of Holyfell by Snorri, and goes to Midfellstrand to abide at Borkstead there, after Thordis having divorced him, 25 ; his sons, as Thingmen

Index I.

of Snorri, fight Uspak at Ere in Bitter, 169; his bones taken out of earth, 185.

BRAND, the eldest son of Thorgrim, the Priest of Bearhaven, 21.

BRAND the Bounteous, enn orvi, son of Vermund the Slender, married to Sigrid, daughter of Snorri the Priest, 183.

BRUNI, Bnini, son of Geirmund, father to Thorbiorn of Walls, 223.

CUNNING - GILS, Spa* - Gils, " under Lava," " a foreseeing man," is requested by Thorbiorn the Thick to find out, what has become of his lost stud-horses, 32 ; his vague reply, 33.

CUNNING-GILS, of CunningGils-stead in Thorswaterdale, " a man of many children and very poor," takes a bribe from Thorolf Haltfoot to kill Ulfar of Ulfarsfell, and, having done the deed, is pursued by Arnkel's men and slain forthwith, 82-

85-

DAY, Dagr, of Asbiorn's-ness, son of a sister of the mother of Bardi (Thorgerd ?), joins his expedition to Burgfirth, 202, 214, 221, 228.

EGIL the Strong, sterki, a

thrall of Thorbrand of Swanfirth, herding his sheep, 112; is sent to Playhallmeads to assassinate one or another of the Broadwick folk, and, failing in the endeavour, is taken and slain by them, 113-116.

EID, son of Skeggi (i.e., Midfirth Skeggi), father to Illugi and Eystein, lived at Ridge, reproaches Gisli Thorgautson severely for the insult offered to Bardi, in seeking atonement for his brother Hall, 196; urges nowise the chasing of Bardi, 231 ; speaks in favour of peace at the Althing on behalf of Bardi, 248.

EILIF, a go^i of Hunawater Thing, 204.

EINAR, of Thwartwater, J>veraeingr, son of Eyolf, brother to Gudmund the Rich, father-in-law to Snorri the Priest, 189; and Thorgils Arison, 209.

EINAR, son of Jarnskeggi, befriends Bardi when shipwrecked in Eyiafirth, 252,

253-

ERIC the Red, Eirikr rauSi, prosecuted by Thorgest the Old and the sons of Thord Yeller, for having slain the sons of Thorgest, escapes by the aid of friends, and discovers Greenland, 54, 55.

ERIC Wide-sight, a skald, dwelt at Bowerfell, and

The Saga Library.

joined Bardi's expedition, 200, 210, 220; sings the foreboding of his mind as to the impending Heathfight, 222 ; blames Bardi his retreat, 233 ; fights and slays Thorliot the champion of Walls in the first brunt of the battle on the Heath, 238; deals with Thorgisl Hewer in the second brunt, 239 ; is banished the country for three years together with the rest of Bardi's folk, 250 ; tells, in a song, the story of the battle on the Heath, 253, 254.

ERLING, son of Thorolf Skialg, commonly called E. Skialgson, great - grandson to Horda-Kari, a magnate of Rogaland in Norway, 22.

ERN, Orn, father to Ingolf, the first settler, 6.

ERN of Ernknoll, father to Thorir Wooden-leg, 33.

ERN, son of Thorir Woodenleg, 38; joins Thorod the Scatcatcher in waylaying Biorn the Broadwick Champion, by whom he is slain,

73, 74-

EYOLF, Eyj61fr, Eyjiilfr, son of ^Esa of Swineisle (brother to Tinforni), aids Eric the Red against Thorgest the Old, 54.

EYOLF of Burg, Bardi's brotherin-law, joins his expedition to Burgfirth, 202, 216, 221 ; fights in the third brunt of the battle on the Heath

with Thormod the son of Thorgaut, and is severely wounded, 241 ; redeems for the sons of Gudmund their lands, buys Bardi out of his share, and puts Stein and Steingrim into the estates, 256.

EYOLF the Halt, halti, son of Gudmund the Rich, befriends Bardi, when shipwrecked in Eyiafirth on his first journey abroad, 252254 ; advances him money on his lands and restores these to him returning to Iceland, 254-256.

EYOLF, son of Odd, dwelt at Asmund's-nip, one of Bardi's following, 201, 21 o, 220.

EYOLF, the son of Snorri the Priest, dwelt at Lambstead on the Mires, 185, 189.

EYOLF the Gray (cf. vol. i.), son of Thord the Yeller, "a kinsman of Bork " the Thick (they were first cousins, see note to p. 22), 22 ; comes to Holyfell to tell Bork he has slain Gisli Surson (Bork's brother-in-law) in revenge for Bork's brother, Thorgrim (Bork's wife's, Thordis Sur's daughter's, first husband), 23, 190 ; contemptuously received, and wounded severely ,by Thordis, for which, by Bork's cowardice, he awards himself a goodly atonement, and goes away, 23.

Index I.

EYOLF, son of Thorfinna the Skaldwoman, joins in the chase for Bardi, 2 3 2; fights in the third brunt of the battle on the Heath with Gefn'sOdd, whom he wounds in the face, receiving himself a mortal wound in return, 240, 241 ; no weregild paid in atonement for him, 249.

EYOLF, son of Thorgisl Hewer, joins the chase for Bardi, 231, 232 j fights with the sons of Gudbrand, Hun and Lambkar, in the second brunt of the battle on the Heath, and they all fall dead at each other's hands, 238, 239 ; no were-gild paid in atonement for him, 249.

EYSTEIN, Eysteinn, son of Eid Skeggison, joins the chase of Bardi, 231 ; fights in the second brunt of the battle on the Heath, jointly with Illugi, his brother, against Stein and Steingrim, Bardi's brothers, and is slain, 238, 239; is paired, for atonement, with one of the sons of Gudbrand, 249.

EYVIND the Eastman, father to Helgi the Lean, and husband of Rafarta, daughter of Kiarfal, King of the Irish, 4-

FINGEIR, the son of Thorstein Snowshoe, companion settler with Geirrod of Ere, and

great-grandfather of the Thorbrandsons of Swanfirth, IT.

FREYSTEIN the Rascal, Freysteinn b6fi, foster-son, and reputed natural son, of Thorbrand Thorfinson of Swanfirth, 79, 80 ; watches his sheep in winter, and is set to "spy out an occasion against Arnkel," of which, when it offers, he is sent to warn Snorri, 97 ; watches the sheep in Swanfirth while Egil the thrall goes on an assassin's errand, and has a vision foreboding bloodshed on the scree of Geirvor, 113, 114; fights in the battle of Swordfirth and is slain, 126, 127 ; his slaying adjudged at Thorsness Thing, 131.

FRODI, one of the Gislungs, most likely son of Thorgaut and owner or tenant of Frodistead, sorely wounded in the battle of the Heath, 242.

GEFN'S-ODD, Gefnar Oddr, a foreman at Thordis Gefn's house, joins Bardi's band of revenge, 200, 204, 209, 234; fights in the third brunt of the battle on the Heath with Eyolf, son of Thorfinna, and wounds him severely, after himself having been badly wounded in the face, 240, 241.

The Saga Library.

GEiRthe Priest (son of Asgeir), 132.

GEIRLEIF, Geirleifr (son of Eric), a settler of Bardstrand, 12.

GEIRRID, GeirriSr, sister of Geirrod of Ere, comes to Iceland, and accepts from her brother a dwelling in Burgdale, 13; kept open house for all passers-by, 13.

GEIRRID, daughter of Thorolf Halt-foot, married to Thorolf, the son of Heriolf Holkinrazi, 14 ; lives as widow at Mewlithe with her son Thorarin, 27 ; teaches cunning to Gunnlaug Thorbiornson of Frodis-water, 27, 28; warns Gunnlaug of ride-bynights, 28, 29 ; is summoned by Gunnlaug's father for having tormented Gunnlaug by wizardry, 29, 30; her whetting of Thorarin on his being charged for horse-stealing, 34 ; receives with gladness the news of the fight, 37, 38; advises Thorarin to take shelter with Vermund the Slender or Arnkel the Priest, 39; sends word to Thorarin that Odd, Katla's son, had struck off the hand of Aud, 44; outwits Katla of Holt in the art of sorcery, 47.

GEIRROD, Geirro'Sr, the settler of Swanfirth from Thorsriver and of its eastern tracts unto Longdale, 1 1 ; gave

dwelling in Burgdale to his sister Geirrid, 13.

GERD, GerSSr, daughter of Kiallak the Old, wife of Thormod the Priest, son of Odd the Strong, 12.

GEST, see Guest.

GIAFLAUG, Gjaflaug, daughter of Kiallak, an earl in lamtaland in Sweden, 3 ; wedded to Biorn the Easterner, 5.

GISLI, son of Thorbiorn Sur, generally called Gisli Surson, slays Thorgrim the Priest, son of Thorstein Codbiter, his brother-inlaw, in revenge for Vestein Vesteinson his foster-brother (andbrotherto his wife Aud), 20 ; slain by Eyolf the Gray,

22, 23, 190.

GISLI, son of Thorgaut (related to that Gisli to whom Grettir gave the flogging), 194; insults Bardi when craving atonement for his brother at the Althing, 195, 196; goes from Thorgautstead to Goldmead and tells there a dream boding impending harm to them, 227 \ is slain by Bardi, 227, 229; is valued at half a were-gild against Hall Gudmundson, 249.

GISLUNGS, a collective family term, including, in a wider sense, the allies of Thorgaut of Thorgautstead, who fought in the battle on the Heath, 249; in a narrower

Index I.

sense : Thorgaut himself, his sonsGisli, Ketil, Ami, Thormod, Frodi (?), and Ami's father-in-law, Thorarin of Thwartwaterlithe, 242 ; in a still narrower sense, perhaps, it is used, 218.

GIZUR the White (son of Teit), 132; preaches Christ's law in Iceland, 135; sends a priest to Holyfell, to do service there, 151.

GLUM, GMmr, son of Uspak of Ere in Bitter (cf. vol. i., index), 157, 165, 170; after his father's death he married Thordis, daughter of Asmund Long-hoary, the sister of Grettir the Strong, 171.

GRETTIR the Strong, son of Asmund the Long-hoary, 171.

GRIM, Grimr, a "hersir" of Sogn, father to Biorn Roughfoot, 3.

GRIM, son of Thorstein Codbiter, see Thorgrim.

GRIMA, Grima, daughter of Halkel of Halkelstead, wife to Thorgils Arisen, 247.

GRIS, Griss, see Kollgris.

GRO, daughter of Geirleif of Bardstrand, wife to Ottar, son of Biorn the Easterner, 12.

GUDBRAND, Guftbrandr,

Bardi's brother-in-law, dwelt " west " in Willowdale (see note to p. 211, 11. 8-12), 211, 256, 257.

GUDLAUG, son of Snorri the Priest, a monk, 189.

GUDLAUG of Streamfirth, son of Thorfin, the son of Gudlaug the Wealthy, 184.

GUDLAUG the Wealthy of Streamfirth, son of Thormod, 179, 184.

GUDLEIF, GutSleifr, son of Gudlaug the Wealthy of Streamfirth, a great seafarer, sails to Dublin, and returning thence by the west of Ireland, is blown away to America, where he is saved from the Indians by their chief Biorn the Broadwickers' Champion, from whom Gudleif brings gifts back for Thurid and Kiartan of Frodis- water, 179-

183.

GUDMUND, GuSmundr (son of Solmund), of Asbiorn's-ness, father to the Gudmundsons, Hall, Bardi, &c., 192 ; dies from grief after hearing the news of the death of his son Hall, 193.

GUDMUND the Rich, hinn ri'ki, son of Eyolf, the great magnate of Eyiafirth, ob. 1025, 183; entertains Bardi and his fellow-outlaws for a winter, when shipwrecked in Eyiafirth on their first jour ney abroad, 252-254; his death, 256.

GUDNY, daughter of Bodvar, married to Sturla Thordson, present at the taking out of

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earth of the bones of Snorri and his mother and of Bork the Thick, 185 ; her evidence on the size of the bones, 185, 186.

GUDNY, daughter of Thorolf Heriolfson, dwelt at Mewlithe, 14; married Vermund the Slender, 27 ; entertains her brother, Thorarin the Swart, after his fight with Thorbiorn the Thick, 40.

GUDRUN, daughter of Gudmund of Asbiorn's-ness, married to Gudbrand, who dwelt " west" in Willowdale,

211.

GUDRUN, daughter of Osvif, goes to reside at Holyfell, 153; was ever befriended of Snorri the Priest, 183 ; rebuilt the church of Holyfell in company with Snorri the Priest, 190.

GUDRUN, daughter of Snorri the Priest, married to Kalf of Sunhome, 184, 189.

GUDRUN, daughter of Thorbiorn, wife of Bardi, whom he puts away from him on account of her father's miserliness, 243, 244.

GUEST, son of Biorn, the son of Helgi the Priest of Templegarth, 29, in.

GUEST, otherwise Thorgest, son of Thorhall of lorvi, deemed somewhat of a weakling, is fostered after his father's death by Thorleik, 191 ; is insulted by Stir by

the offer of a mocking atonement for his father, so he slays Stir, and takes refuge with friends in Burgfirth, who get him off to Norway, whence he goes to Constantinople and never returns to Iceland, 192.

GUNNAR of Lithend (son of Hamund), 132.

GUNNAR, son of Thorstein Gislison of By, slain by Snorri's men together with his father, in revenge for Stir, 154, 192.

GUNNFRID, GunnfriSr, daughter of Thorolf Halt-foot, wife to Thorbein of Thorbeinstead, 13.

GUNNLAUG the Wormtongue, son of Illugi of Gilsbank,

153-

GUNNLAUG, son of Steinthor of Ere, married to Thurid the Wise, the daughter of Snorri the Priest, 184.

GUNNLAUG, son of Thorbiorn the Thick of Frodis-water, learns cunning from Geirrid of Mewlithe, 27 ; is tormented by ride-by-nights, 28, 29.

GYRD, son of Earl Sigvaldi, 179.

HAFLIDI, the son of Mar, married to Thurid, the daughter of Thord, son of Sturla Thiodrekson and Hallbera, the daughter of Snorri the Priest, 184.

Index I.

HAKON of Hladir, son of Sigurd, Earl of Norway, 55 ; makes Vermund the Slender his man, and for his service gives him two Swedish Bareserks to take home with him to Iceland, 55-57.

HALL, Hallr, son of Gudmund of Asbiorn's-ness, saves Kolskegg from the waylayings of the sons of Harek, 192 ; is entrapped by them when on his journey back to Iceland, and slain, 193 ; atonement craved in vain for him at three consecutive Althings, 194-196; avenged by Bardi, his brother, in the slaughter of Gisli Thorgautson and the Heath-slayings, 212,213, 229,230, 234 foil.; is atoned by being paired against Gisli and Ketil Thorgautsons, 249.

HALL, son of Slaying Stir,

32-

HALLBERA, the daughter of Snorri the Priest and Hallfrid, the daughter of Einar, married to Thord, the son of Sturla Thiodrekson, 184, 189.

HALDOR, a skipper, Bardi's foster-brother, 200 ; begs out of joining Bardi for the expedition to the south, 203, 205 (220); gives Bardi his own ship "with yard and gear " to go abroad in, when he was exiled after the Heath-slayings, 251.

HALDOR, son of Olaf Peacock of Herdholt, 184.

HALLKEL of Hallkelstead (son of Hrosskel), father to Grima, wife of Thorgils Arisen, and Illugi the Black, and the poet Tind, 247.

HALLDOR, son of Snorri the Priest, kept house at Herdholt in Laxwaterdale, 184, 189.

HALLDORA, daughter of Snorri the Priest, married to Thorgeirof Asgarth's-knolls, 184, 189.

HALLI, a Swedish Bareserk, given by Earl Hakon of Norway to Vermund the Slender, 55-58; is handed by Vermund over to Slaying Stir, his brother, 58, 59 ; wooes Asdis, the daughter of Stir, 66-69; is treacherously murdered by Stir, after having gone through the heavy labour, with his comrade, Leikner, to build a road through the Bareserk's Lava, 68-70.

HALLSTEIN, son of Thorbiorn the Thick of Frodis-water, 27 ; goes with his father to ransack the house of Thorarin the Swart of Mewlithe, on the suspicion of horsestealing, 33 ; joins him in fighting Thorarin the Swart and is wounded, 34-38.

HALLSTEIN, Hallsteinn, son of Thorolf Mostbeard, accompanies Biorn the Easterner

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west over the sea, 6 ; comes with Biorn to Iceland, 10 ; refusing to receive lands from his father, he goes across Broadfirth and settles at Hallstein's-ness on its western shore, 1 1 ; married Osk, the daughter of Thorstein the Red, and had with her the son Thorstein the Swart, 1 2 ; another son of his was Thorgils the Eagle, 135.

HALLWARD, the foreman for Thora's household at Holyfell after the death of her husband, Thorstein Codbiter, 19.

HARALD Hairfair, comes to the rule of Norway by conquest, and from that unpeace vikings gather to the Western Isles and make raids on Norway in summer, 3 ; he sends Ketil Flatneb with an armed expedition to chastise them : finds himself betrayed by Ketil, and confiscates his lands in return, 4 ; his bailiffs are driven out by Biorn Ketilson, whom the king has outlawed at an eight-folkmote in Thrandheim, and sends Hawk High-breeks to slay him, who returns after taking possession anew of his patrimony on behalf of Harald, 5 ; outlaws Thorolf Mostbeard for harbouring Biorn, 6.

HAREK of Thiotta, a great chief of Halogaland, 257.

HAREK, father of the Hareksons who slew Hall Gudmundson, 192, 194.

HAREKSONS, missing Kolskegg, on whom they wanted to avenge the slaying of Thorstein Gislison, turn on Hall, son of Gudmund, who had got Kolskegg off, and slay him, are afterwards cast away and drowned, 192,

193-

HAWK, Haukr, Snorri's " follower," goes with three thralls to fetch the timber from Crowness, which Snorri had had cut there, and is slain by Arnkel, 92, 93, 96.

HAWK High-breeks, Haukr Hdbr6k, a bailiff of King Harald's, sent to chase Biorn Ketilson out of his paternal estates, 5.

HELGA, daughter of Kiallak the Old, wife to Asgeir, the son of Vestar of Ere, 1 2.

HELGA, daughter of Thorlak Asgeirson of Ere and Thurid, the daughter of Audun Stote, 21 ; refused in marriage toThorleif Kimbi, 108, 109.

HELGI, father to Ingiald, the father of Olaf the White,

4-

HELGI, a shepherd of Snorn the Priest's, smitten by Biorn of Drapalithe with a pikestaff at the sheepfolding at Tongue, 52,53.

HELGI, son of Droplaug, one

Index I.

of three best skilled at arms in Iceland, 21.

HELGI the Lean, magri, son of Eyvind the Eastman, married Thorun the Horned, daughter of Ketil Flatneb, 4.

HELGI — elsewhere known as H. Bjola— son of Ketil Flatneb, 3, 10.

HELGI, son of Ottar, the son of Biorn the Easterner, father to Osvif the Wise, 12.

HELGI, the Priest of Templegarth (son of Rolf the Stout), called on to give out the twelve men's finding in a suit for witchery against Geirrid of Mewlithe, 29, 30.

HERIOLF Holkinrazi, father to Thorolf, the son-in-law of Thorolf Halt-foot, 14.

HERMUND, son of Illugi the Black of Gilsbank, gone to the market at Whitewatermeads when Bardi makes the raid on Burgfirth, 218, 232, 234.

HERMUND (son of Solmund), Bardi's uncle, 202, 249.

HESTHOFDI, see Thord Hesthofdi.

HIALTI Skeggison preaches Christ's faith in Iceland,

135HORDA-KARI, 22.

HOSKULD, a gofti, of Hoskuld-

stead, 204. HOSKULD (son of Dala-Koll),

father to Bard, 154. HUN, Hiinn, son of Gudbrand

and Bardi's sister Gudrun,

joins Bardi's expedition to the south, 211, 220; fights jointly with his brother Lambkar against Thorbiorn Brunison in the first brunt of the battle on the Heath, 237 ; fights Eyolf, son of Thorgisl Hewer in the second brunt, and is slain, 238, 239.

ILLUGI the Red, better "the Strong," enn rammi, son of Aslak of Longdale, joins his father in separating the fighters at Swanfirth, 121, 123.

ILLUGI, son of Eid Skeggison, joins in the chasing of Bardi, 231 ; fights in the second brunt of the battle on the Heath, jointly with his brother Eystein,against Stein and Steingrim,. Bardi's brothers, and loses his life, 238, 2 39 ') ls paired for atonement with one of the sons of Gudbrand, 249.

ILLUGI the Black of Gilsbank, son of Hallkel, claims and obtains, in a hard-fought suit against Tinforni, the jointure and dowry of his wife, Ingibiorg, Asbiorn's daughter, 30, 31 ; opposes Snorri, on his first expedition to Burgfirth in revenge of the slaying of Stir, 153; appears upon the Heath with a hundred men, when Bardi had already made off

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for the north, 241 ; gives chase to Bardi, but overtaken by darkness retires to the south with the bodies of the fallen, 242 ; his family alliance to Thorgils Arisen, 247.

ILLUGI the Red, enn rauSi, son of Hrolf, his daughter Thurid second wife of Snorri the Priest, 189, 257.

INGIALD, Ingjaldr, son of Helgi, father to Olaf the White, 4.

INGIBIORG, daughter of Asbiorn (the Wealthy), wife to Illugi the Black, 30.

INGOLF Ernson, the first settler in Iceland, 6.

JON, the son of Arni, married to Ranveig, the daughter of Sigurd and of Unn, daughter of Snorri the Priest, 184.

JORUN Manwitbrent, Jdrunn Mannvitsbrekka, daughter of Ketil Flatneb, 3.

JORUND, baseborn son of Snorri the Priest, 189.

JORUND, son of Thorfin, the son of Gudlaug the Wealthy, married to Alof, the daughter of Snorri the Priest, 184.

KALF, of Sunhome, married to Gudrun, the daughter of Snorri the Priest, 184.

KAR, son of Thorod Thorbrandson of Swanfirth, took the estate after his father,

and from him it got the name of Karstead, 179.

KARLSEFNI, see Thorfin Karlsefni.

KATLA, a witchwife, dwelt at Holt, west of Mewlithe, jealous of Geirrid at Mewlithe because of the visits to her by Gunnlaug Thorbiornson of Frodis-water, 27, 28 ; sets ride-by-night on Gunnlaug to torment him, 28, 29; does on Odd, her son, a magic kirtle of her own make, when he joins Thorbiorn the Thick to ransack at Mewlithe, 33 ; hoodwinks by means of wizardry Arnkel the Priest and Thorarin the Swart, when they search for Odd, her son, 4447 ; is stoned to death by them, 48.

KERU-BERSI, son of Halldor, the son of Olaf of Herdholt, married to Thora, the daughter of Snorrithe Priest, 184.

KETIL the Champion, son of Thorbiorn the Thick of Frodis-water, 27; abroad when his father sets going the Mewlithe feud, 33.

KETIL Flatneb, Ketill Flatnefr, son of Biorn Roughfoot, a famous " hersir " in Norway, married to Yngvild, daughter of Ketil Wether, 3 ; sent by Harald Hairfair to chastise vikings west over the sea, he wins

Index I.

the South-isles and makes himself chief thereover : his lands in Norway confiscated by Harald : his marriage alliances in the west, 4; died, in the Southern isles, before Biorn his son came west (about A.D. 884), 10.

KETIL Brusi, son of Thorgaut, mows with his brothers on Goldmead, when Bardi attacks them, takes to flight and saves himself over the home-fence, and brings on his back Gisli, his brother, dead to his father, 228, 229 ; sends out a call to the country-side for the chasing of Bardi, 230, 231 ; fights in the first brunt of the battle on the Heath with Bardi, and is slain by him, 235-237 ; is valued at half a were-gild against Hall Gudmundson, 249.

KETIL Wether, VeSr, a " hersir " of Raumarik, father to Yngvild the wife of Ketil Flatneb, 3.

KIALLAK, son of Biorn the Strong, commonly called Barne-Kiallak, of Kiallakstead in Midfellstrand, 14; fights, together with his kinsmen, against the Thorsnessings for their rigid enforcement of the sanctity of the soil of the Thing, 15, 1 6.

KIALLAK, an earl in lamtaland in Sweden, 3 ; fosterer II. Z

of Biorn the Easterner, 4,

KIALLAK the Old, Kjallakr enn gamli, son of Biorn the Easterner, married to Astrid, daughter of Rolf the Hersir, and sister to Steinolf the Low, n, 12.

KIALLAK of Kiallak's-river, father of Uspak, 157.

KIALLEKINGS, the descendants of Biorn the Easterner and of Biorn the Strong, 1 2 ; their pride and strife with the Thorsnessings, 14-18, 30, 31, 62, 65.

KIANNOK, see Alof, by-named Kiannok.

KIARFAL, King of the Irish, the maternal grandfather of Helgi the Lean, 4.

KIARTAN, son of Thurid of Frodis-water, born, 75 ; as a small boy he betrays the instincts of a warrior at the meeting of Howbrent, 105; is owned by Biorn to be his son, 105, 1 06 ; dislikes Thorgunna's fondness for him, 138 ; is most dreaded of all the folk at Frodiswater by the haunting things there, 147 ; seeks Snorri's counsel for putting an end to the hauntings at Frodiswater, and by the aid of Snorri's priest prevails over them, 150-152; fights exceeding bravely at Thorsness Thing with Thorstein of Hafsfirthisle, 155 ; and

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is chaffed in consequence by his uncle Snorri with the title of Broadwicking, which he takes amiss, 156; receives by Gudleif, son of Gudlaug, a message and gift from Biorn the Broadwickers' Champion, 181-

183.

KLEPP, son of Snorri the Priest, 185, 189.

KLEPPIARN the Old opposes with other chiefs of Burgfirth Snorri's first expedition to Burgfirth in revenge for Stir, 153.

KOLLGRIS, reared, and a servant in waiting, at Asbiorn's-ness, a follower of Bardi, 202, 212 ; acts as groom and horsekeeper in Bardi's expedition, 220, 233, 249.

KOLLI, the son of Thormod, the son of Thorlak, brother to Steinthor of Ere, was the second husband of Sigrid, the daughter of Snorri the Priest, 183.

KOLSKEGG, takes a foremost part in the slaying of Thorstein Gislison of By, goes to Norway, is watched by Thorstein's kinsmen, the sons of Harek, and is got out of their way west to England by Hall, the son of Gudmund, 192.

LAMBKAR, son of Gudbrand and Bardi's sister Gudrun, joins Bardi's expedition for

the south, 211, 220; fights in fellowship with his brother Hun against Thorbiorn Brunison, in the first brunt of the battle on the Heath, 237; fights Eyolf, son of Thorgisl Hewer, in the second brunt, and is slain, 238, 239.

LEIKNER, a Swedish Bareserk, brother to Halli, given by Earl Hakon of Norway to Vermund the Slender, 5558 ; is foully murdered by Slaying Stir (cf. Halli), 69, 70.

LIOT, commonly called ManaLiot, son of Mani of Sheepfell, the son of Snorri the Priest, 185.

LODVER, Hlo^ver, son of Thorfin, Earl of Orkney, 7 1.

LOFT o' th' Eres, otherwise called the Old, brother-inlaw to Ingolf Ernson, according to the Landna~ma, 179.

LYNG-TORFI, "the greatest scoundrel and ruffler," is, at Thorarin's request, engaged by Bardi for the former's deep plan of revenge on the Gislungs, 194-196; is bought over by Thorarin to obtain two good weapons from the Gislungs, in which Lyng-Torfi succeeds, 197, 198; cf. 215, 229, 235, 236, and notes to pp. 197, 198.

MANA-LIOT, see Liot. MANI, the son of Snorri the

Index I.

Priest, dwelt at Sheepfell, 185, 189. MAR, the son of Hallward and Thora, the widow of Thorstein Codbiter, of Holyfell, 19 ; betakes himself with all his to Holyfell, and becomes the foreman of Snorri's household, 26; goes with certain of Snorri's household to the folding business at Tongue, and wounds Biorn of Drapalithe, 52, 53 ; is wounded by the assassin Swart, sent by Vigfus of Drapalithe to take the life of Snorri the Priest, 6 1 ; joins Snorri in the slaying of Vigfus, 6 1, 62 ; is outlawed for it by Arnkel the Priest for three years, 65 ; sorely wounded in the fight ofSwanfirth,i2o; his wound judged on at Thorsness Thing, 131 ; entrusted by Snorri, when he sets out to attack Biorn the Broadwickers' Champion, to deal him a wound that may do for him, 132; "but Mar let his hand fall," &c., 133.

NAIL, Nagli (Neal), a Scotch thrall, 32 ; fights with Thorarin the Swart against Thorbiorn the Thick, but runs away as "one witless with fear," and is just caught by Thorarin in time to be saved from destruction, 36, 37.

NIAL, Njall, in Nipsdale,

harbours Bardi and his band for a night at Thorarin's request, going to the south, 218, 221, 222 ; is visited by Bardi retreating to the north from the Heath, 243.

ODD, called Gefn's-Odd, see Gefn's-Odd.

ODD, son of Katla the witchwife of Holt, 27; accompanies Gunnlaug Thorbiornson on his visits to Mewlithe, 28, 29 ; slanders Geirrid of Mewlithe for having bewitched Gunnlaug, 29 ; is sent by Thorbiorn of Frodis-water to Cunning-Gils for news about lost horses, 32 ; mis-states the words of Gils so as to bring about the Mewlithe feud, in which he joins, dight in a magic kirtle of his mother's make, on which no weapons would bite, 33-38 ; in the fight he cut off the hand of Aud, Thorarin's wife, and afterwards said the latter himself had done it, 35, 44 ; is searched for at Holt by Arnkel and Thorarin, and hanged, 45-48.

ODD the Skald, otherwise known as Odd the Broadfirther (Landn. pp. 197,198), author of Illugi's Lay, 30, 31.

ODD the Strong, better Rank, rakki [son of Thorvid, the son of Freyvid, the son of Alf of Vors], father to

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Thormod the Priest, the son-in-law to Kiallak the Old, 12.

ODD of Midfirth, son of Ufeig (cf. vol. i.), 171.

OFEIG, dfeigr, a thrall of Arnkel's, 97 ; ran away, when Snorri and his band set on Arnkel, and fell into Ofeig'sforce, 98.

OLAF, <51afr, of Asbiorn's-ness, first cousin of Bardi, joins his expedition to Burgfirth, 202, 214, 221, 228.

OLAF, son of Eyvind, of Drangar, gathers the folk of the Strands to fall on Uspak, and having besieged him awhile, retires on his promising to fare peacefully, 164.

OLAF Feilan, Thorstein Codbiter's father-in-law, 14.

OLAF the Holy, King of Norway, 1015-1030, 179, 185, 190; receives Bardi in a friendly way when, an outlaw from Iceland, he goes to Norway, 255.

OLAF Peacock, Pa", of Herdholt, 184.

OLAF the White, hvfti, son of Ingiald, "the greatest war-king west-over-the-sea " (King of Dublin), married to Auth the Deep-minded, 4.

ORLIG, orlygr, a freedman of Thorbrand of Swanfirth, dwelt at Orligstead, which he bought from Thorolf Halt-foot, 13; his death, 82.

ORNOLF the Fishdriver, Orndlfr fiskreki, the father of Thorolf Mostbeard, 5.

OSK, daughter of Thorstein the Red, the son of Auth the Deep-minded, wife to Hallstein, the son of Thorolf Mostbeard, 12.

OSVIF the Wise, dsvifr hinn spaki, son of Helgi, the son of Ottar, 12.

OTTAR, Ottarr, son of Biorn the Easterner, married to Gro, daughter of Geirleif of Bardstrand, 12, 52.

PALNATOKI, 75.

RAFARTA, daughter of Kiarfal, an Irish king, married to Eyvind the Eastman, whose son was Helgi the Lean, 4.

RAGNAR Hairy-breeks, R* Loftbrdk, father to Sigurd Worm - in - eye and that ilk, 4.

RAGNHILD, daughter of Thord, wife of ThorodThorbrandson of Swanfirth, 135.

RANVEIG, daughter of Sigurd, the son of Thorir Hound and Unn, the daughter of Snorri the Priest, 184.

RAVEN the Viking, an evildoer and outlaw infesting the Strands, joins the company of Uspak when he sets up in Wrackfirth, 164; he guards one flank of Uspak's strong work at Ere, and is mortally wounded by

Index I.

Thrand the Strider, 168170.

REF, Refr, otherwise known as S-kald-Ref and TemplegarthRef, son of Guest, the son of Biorn, the son of Helgi, the Priest of Templegarth, 29, in.

ROLF, Hr61fr, see Thorolf Mostbeard.

ROLF the Hersir (of Agdir in Norway), father to Astrid, the wife of Kiallak the Old,

12.

SAM, Samr, the son of Bork the Thick, goes under Snorri's command to fight Uspak of Ere in his work, 169.

SEL-THORIR (al. Sealthorir) of Redmel, son of Grim, 20,

154.

SIDEFOLK, the men of Whitewaterside, a name given to the northern slope of the upper Whitewater valley in Burgfirth, 219.

SIGHVAT, son of Sturla Thordson of Hwamm, 185.

SIGMUND, son of Thorbein, 13.

SIGRID, daughter of Snorri the Priest, married to Brand the Bounteous, the son of Vermund the Slender, 183; her second husband was Kolli, the son of Thormod, a brother's son of Steinthor of Ere, 183, 189.

SIGURD, son of Lodver, Earl of the Orkneys, harries about

the South-isles (Hebrides), 71. Ob. 1014.

SIGURD, son of Thorir Hound of Birchisle, the second husband of Unn, the daughter of Snorri the Priest, 184.

SIGURD Worm-in-eye, son of Ragnar Hairy-breeks, father to Thora, the mother of Ingiald, the father of Olaf the White, 4.

SIGVALDI, an earl, 179.

SKALD-REF, Skald-Refr, son of Guest, 29, see Ref.

SLAYING STIR, see Stir.

SNORRI, the son of Snorri the Priest, dwelt at Tongue after his father, 185, 189.

SNORRI, son of Sturla, the son of Thord, 185.

SNORRI, son of Thorbrand of Swanfirth, 20 ; fights in the battle of Swanfirth and is wounded, but healed of his hurts by Snorri the Priest, 129; goes to Greenland with his brother Thorleif, and afterwards to Vineland the Good with Thorfin Karlsefni, fell in battle there with the Skraelings, 135.

SNORRI the Priest, Gofti, son of Thorgrim the Priest and of Thordis Sur's (Thorbiorn Sur's) daughter, born 963, first named Thorgrim, then, by reason of his youthful recklessness, Snerrir, and finally Snorri; fostered by Thorbrand of Swanfirth and therefore was foster-brother

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of his five sons, 20 ; goes abroad with Thorleif Kimbi andThorod his brother, A.D. 977, 21, 190; stays the winter of 977-8 with Erling Skialgson of Sole in Norway, 22 ; returns to Iceland, 978, and comes home in the guise of an impoverished spendthrift, and Bork the Thick, his uncle and stepfather, was loth to harbour him for the winter, 22, 190; his behaviour on the visit to Holyfell by Eyolf the Gray, the slayer of his mother's brother, 23 ; outwits Bork, as to which of them shall own Holyfell, and drives him away thence, 24, 25 ; his person, household ways, chiefship, 26; sets up house at Holyfell, 26, 27 ; backs the suit of Thorbiorn the Thick against Geirrid of Mewlithe for witchery, 29, 30; stays the fight at Thorsness Thing between Thorgrim Kiallakson and Illugi the Black, 31 ; takes up the blood-suit after Thorbiorn the Thick, 50 ; summons Thorarin the Swart for the slaying of Thorbiorn the Thick and his folk to Thorsness Thing, and makes him and his fellow-fighters all guilty outlaws, 50-52 ; wins a suit for assault set afoot by Vigfus of Drapalithe against his uncle Mar

Hallwardson, 52, 53; bargains with Stir not to join Thorgest the Old against Eric the Red, on condition of having Stir's aid secure in future troubles, 54 ; escapes the assassin Swart, set upon him by Vigfus of Drapalithe, and slays Vigfus in return, 60-62 ; is forced by Arnkel to pay heavily for it at the Thorsness Thing, 65 ; counsels Stir how to get rid of his Bareserks, 67 ; goes, on hearing of the fate of the Bareserks, to Stir, and wooes Asdis his daughter, and marries her shortly afterwards, 70; takes in Thorod Scat-catcher and gives him in marriage his half-sister Thurid, 72 ; takes up for his brother-in-law, Thorod the Scat-catcher, the blood-suit against Biorn the Broadwick Champion for the slaying of Ern and Val, the sons of Thorir Wooden-leg, 74, 75 ; takes from Thorolf Halt-foot the woodland of Crowness in bribe for suing Arnkel for the hanging of Thorolfs thralls, 8 1 ; in this suit, which is eventually put in arbitration, Snorri only gets thrall's-gild for the thralls, much to Thorolfs disgust, 8 1, 82 ; refuses the Thorbrandsons his aid in claiming at Arnkel's hands

Index I.

the inheritance of Orlig of Orligstead, 83 ; refuses Thorolf Halt-foot to restore to him the wood of Crowness, 86, 87 ; is charged by common rumour with having sent Thorleif the Eastfiither for Arnkel's head, 94, 95 ; at an autumn feast at Holyfell he is taunted for cowardice by Thorleif Kimbi, and makes up his mind, in alliance with the Thorbrandsons, to take Arnkel's life, 95-97 ; sets out with Thorbrand's sons, and slays Arnkel at Orligstead, 97100; Biorn the Broadwickers' Champion's estimate of him, 1 06; acts with Steinthor of Ere as umpire in the turf- play suit at Thorsness Thing, 109 ; urges in vain the sons of Thorbrand to desist from an armed attack on Arnbiorn of Bank, but thwarts it at the proper moment, 110-112; plans that Egil the Strong should assassinate some Broadwicker at the games at Playhall-meads, 113; feigns inactivity in order to make Steinthor of Ere believe that he will allow him to bring the thrall-gild for Egil to Swanfirth peacefully, 1 1 6 ; but he gathers a band quietly and goes by sea to Swanfirth, where he arrives before Steinthor, 118; en-

deavours to prevent the Thorbrandsons fighting, 1 18; is drawn against his will into the battle of Swanfirth, and readily comes to terms of truce on seeing the Broadwick folk bring up their band to Steinthor's aid, 119123 ; harbours the sons of Thorbrand after the battle of Swanfirth and heals them, 127-129; makes a lasting peace with Steinthor at Thorsness Thing, 131 ; goes to attack Biorn the Broadwickers' Champion and fails ignominiously, 132 - 134 ; takes the lead in introducing Christianity in the west country and builds a church at Kolyfell, 135 ; gives counsel how to drive out the ghosts at Frodis- water, 150, 151 ; exchanges the seat of Holyfell for Tongue in Saelingsdale, or SaelingsdaleTongue, and goes to fetch the corpse of Stir to lorfi in Flysa-wharf, 153; the same year he went south to Burgfirth to avenge his father-inlaw, with four hundred men, but had to fall back for an overwhelming force of Burgfirthers on the south of Whitewater, 153, 154; in this suit too he failed at the Althing, 154; rides again south to Burgfirth with fourteen men, and takes the life of Thorstein Gislison of By and his

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son, and cunningly eludes his pursuers, 154, 192, 218, 219 ; his dealings at Thorsness Thing with Thorstein of Hafsfirthisle, 154156; the blood-suit for Thorstein Gislison is settled at the Althing, and all who were with Snorri in that affair were exiled, 156, 157 ; he owns sea -drift shores north in Bitter, and is robbed by Uspak of a quantity of whale-flesh, 157-160; has Uspak and his men all judged guilty for the robbing of Alf the Little and for other misdeeds, 1 63 ; executes the doom of forfeit at Ere and divides the seized goods among the aggrieved parties, 164, 165 ; on Uspak's robbing Alf a second time Snorri takes him and all his household to himself, 166; sends for his former man, Thrand the Strider, to come as if on an errand of M trials of manhood," 167 ; on Thrand's arrival he sends to Sturla Thiodrekson a message to meet him next day at Tongue in Bitter, and gathers folk for a journey thither himself, 168 ; sets out and overcomes, with Sturla's aid, Uspak, 168170; coming with Thorgils Arisen from his wedding, he meets Bardiand protects him by making Thorgils give out

the speech of truce, 244-246; goes to Thorarin of Lechmote, 247 ; acts on Bardi's behalf in the settlement of the latter's affairs at the Althing, 248-250 ; marries his daughter Aud or Unn to Bardi, 256 ; his life summed up, 183, 190; his children enumerated, 183-185, 190; his death, 185, 190; his bones taken out of earth, 185.

SONS (The) of Eid, see Illugi and Eystein.

SONS (The) of Gudbrand, see Hun and Lambkar.

STEIN, Steinn, see Thorstein Codbiter.

STEIN, son of Gudmund of Asbiorn's-ness, joins his brother Bardi in the expedition to Burgfirth, 212, 221, 228 ; fights, jointly with his brother, in the second brunt of the battle on the Heath against the sons of Eid, one of whom he slays, 239 ; is outlawed for three years, 250 (cf. Bardi) ; returns to Iceland and gets, through Eyolf of Burg, his share in the family estates, 256.

STEINGRIM, son of Gudmund of Asbiorn's-ness, joins his brother in his expedition to Burgfirth, 212, 221, 228; fights in fellowship with his brother Stein in the second brunt of the battle on the Heath, against the sons of Eid, one of whom he slays,

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239; is outlawed for three years, 250 (cf. Bardi) ; returns to Iceland and obtains, through Eyolf of Burg, his share in the estates belonging to the family, 256.

STEINOLF the Low, Stein<51fr lagi, son of Rolf the Hersir of Agdir, and brother to Astrid, the wife of Kiallak the Old, 12.

STEINTHOR of Ere, son of Thorlak Asgeirson and Thurid, daughter of Audun Stote, 2 1 ; takes in the Norwegian skipper Biorn, 32 ; refuses Thorgerd to take up the blood-suit after her husband, Vigfus of Drapalith, against Snorri the Priest, 63 ; refuses to give his sister Helga in marriage toThorleifKimbi, 108,109; acts as umpire with Snorri in the turf-play suit at Thorsness Thing, 109; leads the Broadwickers bringing the thrall-gild for Egil to Thorbrand of Swanfirth, 116119; has, in consequence, to fight the battle of Swanfirth, 119-123; and, little before Yule the same year, the battle of Swordfirth, 123127; accepts the peace award by Vermund the Slender and the wisest men, and holds peace well ever after, 130, 131 ; goes with Snorri to Burgfirth on his

first as well as his second expedition in revenge for the slaying of Stir, 153,

154.

STIR (real name Arngrim), commonly known as Slaying Stir, Vfga-Styr, so called because he was " very masterful and exceeding in wrongfulness," son of Thorarin the Priest, the son of Kiallak the Old, his person described, 2 1 ; kills two men fighting at Thorsness Thing against Illugi the Black, 3 1 ; has his house at Lava, 3 1 ; backs Eric the Red against Thorgest the Old, from whom he draws supporters, Snorri the Priest included, 54; relieves his brother Vermund the Slender of his Swedish Bareserks, 58, 59 ; slew with their aid Thorbiorn Jaw, 59, 60; refuses to take up the blood-suit for his kinsman, Vigfus of Drapalith, against Snorri, 62, 63 ; remonstrates with the Bareserk Halli for talking to Asdis his daughter, 66, 67 ; takes counsel with Snorri, how to rid himself of the Bareserks, 67, 68 ; his treachery to and murder of them, 67-70 ; betroths Asdis to Snorri the Priest, 70, 7 1 ; acts, with his brother Vermund, as umpire in the suit brought by Snorri against Arnkel for the latter's killing

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of his father's thralls, 81,82; fights in the battle of Swanfirth, first on Steinthor's side and then against him on Snorri's, in both cases killing a man, 121, 131 ; becomes a Christian, and builds a church at his home " Underthe-Lava," 135; slain at lorfi by a weakling of a boy, 153, 189-191 ; avenged by Snorri the Priest, 154, 192.

STURLA, son of Thiodrek, called Slaying-Sturla (brother of Thorbiorn Thiodrekson, vol. i.), dwelt at Stead-Knoll in Saurby, owned drift-shores north in Bitter, 158 ; is robbed by Uspak of Ere of a quantity of whale-flesh, 158-160 ; proposes to Snorri a joint attack on Uspak of Ere, 1 66; sets out and joins Snorri at Tongue in Bitter, and with him overcomes Uspak, 168-170.

STURLA, son of Thord, commonly called Hwamm-Sturla, married to Gudny, the daughter of Bodvar, 185.

STYRBIORN the Strong, Styrbjorn sterki, wins Jomsburg, invades Sweden, and falls on Fyrisfield, 75.

SUMMERLID the Yeller, SumarItfSigjallandi, dwelt at Swinewater, 20 T.

SUR, see Thorbiorn Sur.

SVEIN, son of Harek of Thiotta, 257.

SWART the Strong, Svartr hinn sterki, a thrall belonging to Vigfus of Drapalithe, sent to kill Snorri the Priest, in which he fails, 60, 61.

TANNI the Handstrong, brother to Thorfinna the Skaldwoman, joins the chase for Bardi, 232; fights in the third brunt of the battle on the Heath against Bardi, before whom he falls, 240 ; no were-gild paid in atonement for him, 249.

TEMPLEGARTH - REF, HofgarSa-Refr, see Ref.

THORA, fora, daughter of Olaf Feilan, wife to Thorstein Codbiter, 14; mother of Bork the Thick, 18; and of Thorgrim the Priest, 19; kept house at Holyfell after the death of her husband, and bore Mar, the son of Hallward, 19.

THORA, daughter of Sigurd Worm-in-eye, mother of Ingiald, the father of Olaf the White, 4.

THORA, the daughter of Snorri the Priest and Hallfrid, daughter of Einar, married first to Keru-Bersi, afterward to Thorgrim the Burner, 184, 189.

THORARIN of the Cliffs, a goodman, wounded by Haldor the Skipper, 203, 296, 297.

THORARIN of Thwartwater-

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lithe, father-in-law to Ami Thorgautson of Highfell, joins in the chase of Bardi, 231 ; is sorely wounded in the battle of the Heath, 242.

THORARIN the Swart, svarti, of Mewlithe, son of Thorolf Heriolfson and Geirrid, daughter of Thorolf Haltfoot, 14 ; married to Aud, his personal appearance and character, 2 7 ; harbours Alfgeir, a South-island skipper, together with his thrall, Nail, 32 ; has a fighting horse on the fell-pasture, 32 ; is accused by Thorbiorn the Thick of Frodis- water for having stolen his missing horses, whence the Mewlithe feud, 33-44 ; he seeks shelter with Vermund the Slender, his brother-in-law, and Arnkel the Priest, his uncle, and tells them the news of the fight in the " Mewlithe Songs," 39-44 ; takes counsel with Arnkel how to meet the blood-suit, 49 ; is summoned by Snorri the Priest to Thorsness Thing, 50, 51; goes with Vermund to Daymeal-ness to get him a ship, and goes abroad, 51, 52; comes to Thrandheim, and straightway goes " west-over-thesea with Alfgeir, and is out of the story," 55.

THORARIN the Wise, hinn spakij son of Thorvald, fos-

terer of Bardi, a Priest, dwelt at Lechmote : advises Bardi to seek, in a meek and gentle manner, atonement for his brother Hall at three consecutive Althings, 194, 195 ; causes two pet horses of Thord of Broadford to be taken away from him while attending the session of the third Althing at which Bardi craved the atonement, in order to have a pretext for sending spies to Burgfirth to find out what Bardi's foes were after, 196, 208; gets Lyng-Torfi to trick Thorgaut and Thorbiorn of Walls out of weapons famed for victory, 197-199,215, 216 (cf. 235); advises Bardi, how to gather together a band of revenge for the south, and whom to select, 199-205 (cf. 253); sends Bardi to Thord of Broadford with his horses, 208; meets(by appointment, 21 1 ) Bardi and his band near to Burg and handsThorgaut's good sword to him, 215 ; lays down the plan for Bardi's tactics, 217-221; advises Bardi not to make haste in fetching the dead from the battlefield on the Heath, 243.

THORBEIN, ]>orbeinir, of Thorbeinstead, married to Gunnfrid, daughter of Thorolf Halt-foot, 13.

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THORBERG, )>orbergr, son of Thorarin the Wise, Bardi's foster-father, joins Bardi's expedition to Burgfirth, 211; is provided by his fatherwith the good weapon Lyng-Torfi tricked out of Thorbiorn Brunisonof Walls, 215, 234, 235; taunts Ketil Brusi with having his (Ketil's) own weapon to fight him with, 235; fights with Thorgaut in the first brunt of the battle on the Heath, 236 ; is the first to urge retreat after the third brunt of the Heath-fight, 241.

THORBiORG,]?orbj6rg, daughter of Thorstein Windy-Nose, wife to Slaying Stir, 32.

THORBIORN, )>orbj6rn, short Biorn, father to Gudrun, the wife of Bardi, his miserliness to Bardi, 243, 244.

THORBIORN, son of Bruni, dwelt at Walls [but according to Landnama, ii., 3, p. 70, at Stones, Steinum], 197 ; refuses Lyng-Torfi his good weapon, 198 (but see note and cf. pp. 215, 235, 236) ; his visions on the morning of the day that Gisli was slain, as he prepares to go to the stithy of Thorgaut at Thorgautstead, 223-226; urges the calling out of the chase for Bardi, 230, 231 ; fights in the first brunt of the battle on the Heath and is slain by Bardi,

235-237 ; is atoned by being paired against Thorod, son of Hermund, 249.

THORBIORN Jaw, Kjalki, slain by Slaying Stir, 59, 60.

THORBIORN Sur, Siirr, father of Thordis, the wife of Thorgrim the Priest, and of Gisli and Thorkel, 20.