Skáldskaparmál — The Poesy of Skalds (Part 2)

Death was fated: Thief-Compeller,

South at Jóm highest flame-glow kindle!

Illustrious One, as Hallvardr sang:

No Illustrious One nearer

Under Earth's Hazel liveth

Than thou, O Monks' Upholder:

The Gold-Minisher Danes protecteth.

Land-Driver, as Thjódólfr sang:

The guileless Land-Driver sprinkles

Kraki's gleaming barley,

as was written before;[1] he is called so because he drives his host about the lands of other kings, or drives a host out of his own land.

LXIV. "There was a king named Hálfdan the Old, who was most famous of all kings. He made a great sacrificial feast at mid-winter, and sacrificed to this end, that he might live three hundred years in his kingdom; but he received these answers: he should not live more than the full life of a man, but for three hundred years there should be no woman and no man in his line who was not of great repute. He was a great warrior, and went on forays far and wide in the Eastern Regions:[2] there he slew in single combat the king who was called Sigtryggr. Then he took in

[1. See Page. 173.

2. That is, in the lands bordering the Baltic.]

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marriage that woman named Alvig the Wise, daughter of King Eymundr of Hólmgardr:[1] they had eighteen sons, nine born at one birth. These were their names: the first, Thengill,[2] who was called Manna-Thengill;[2] the second, Ræsir;[3] the third, Gramr;[3] the fourth, Gylfi;[3] the fifth, Hilmir;[3] the sixth, Jöfurr;[3] the seventh, Tyggi;[3] the eighth, Skyli[3] or Skúli;[3] the ninth, Harri[3] or Herra.[3] These nine brothers became so famous in foraying that, in all records since, their names are used as titles of rank, even as the name of King or that of Earl. They had no children, and all fell in battle. Thus sang Ottarr the Swarthy:

In his youth stalwart Thengill

Was swift and staunch in battle:

I pray his line endureth;

O'er all men I esteem him.

Thus sang Markus:

The Ræsir let the Rhine's Sun shimmer

From the reddened Skull's ship on the Sea-Fells.

Thus sang Egill:

The Gramr the hood hath lifted

From the hair-fenced brows of the Singer.

Thus sang Eyvindr:

He played with the land-folk

Who should have defended;

[1. Russia.

2. This word means Prince or King; Manna-Thengill = Prince of Men.

3. All of these words are poetic names for a Prince or King.]

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Gylfi the gladsome

Stood 'neath the gold helmet.

Thus sang Glúmr Geirason:

Hilmir beneath the helmet

Reddened the sword hone-hollowed.[1]

Thus sang Óttarr the Swarthy:

Let Jöfurr hear the beginning

Of his laud: all the king's praises

Shall be maintained, and justly

Let him mark my praise-song's measures.

As Stúfr sang:

The glory-ardent Tyggi

South before Niz with two hands

Beat down the band of heroes:

Glad beneath their shields the host went.

Thus sang Hallfredr:

From Skyli I am parted:

This age of swords hath caused it.

'T is greatest of all self-mockings

To hope that the king's guard cometh.

Thus sang Markús:

I bid the hawklike Danish Harri

Hark to my cunning web of praises.

[1. See page 197]

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"Hálfdan and his wife had nine other sons also; these were Hildir, from whom the Hildings are come; Nefir, from whom the Niflungs sprang; Audi, from whom the Ödlungs are come; Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended; Dagr, from whom come the Döglings; Bragi, from whom the Bragnings are sprung (that is the race of Hálfdan the Munificent); Budli, from whom the Budlungs are come (from the house of the Budlungs Atli and Brynhildr descended); the eighth was Lofdi, who was a great war-king (that host who were called Lofdar followed him; his kindred are called Lofdungs, whence sprang Eylimi, Sigurdr Fáfnisbani's mother's sire); the ninth, Sigarr, whence come the Siklings: that is the house of Siggeirr, who was son-in-law of Völsungr,--and the house of Sigarr, who hanged Hagbardr. From the race of Hildings sprang Haraldr the Red-Bearded, mother's father of Hálfdan the Swarthy. Of the Niflung's house was Gjúki; of the house of Ödlings, Kjárr; of the house of the Ylfings was Eiríkr the Wise in Speech. These also are illustrious royal houses: from Yngvi, the Ynglings are descended; from Skjöldr in Denmark, the Skjöldungs are come; from Völsungr in the land of Franks, those who are called Völsungs. One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Region.

"These houses which were named but now have been used in skaldship for titles of rank. Even as Einarr sang:

I learned that the Hildings sallied

To hold the Spear-Assembly

On the Gray Isle; the broad shields,

Green lindens, burst in sunder.

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As Grant sang:

The Dögling to eagle's kindred

For drink gave Danish blood.

As Gamli Gnævadar-Skald sang:

Not long since, the young Ödling

With ship's deck and with sword-blade

Joined battle, waging fiercely

Of points the bitter tempest.

As Jórunn sang:

The Bragning bade the weapons

Be dyed in blood of vile folk;

The people endured his anger:

Houses bowed before red embers.

Thus sang Einarr:

The Budlung's blade sheared,

Blood on darts was smeared;

The storm-cloud of Hildr

At Whitby spilled.

Thus sang Arnorr:

The Kin of Siklings inureth

To the waves the ships sea-tossing;

With blood he dyes the warships

Within: 't is the weal of ravens.

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As Thjódólfr sang:

Thus the doughty Sikling ended

His life; in dire straits were we:

The glorious Lofdung waited

Bravely surcease of living.

The folk who were called Lofdar followed King Lofdi.

As Arnórr sang:

Chief, another Skjöldung higher

Than thou shall ne'er be born 'neath sun's light.

Völsung, as Thorkell Hamar-Skald sang:

The Kin of Völsungs

Gave counsel to send me

The gold-decked weapon

O'er the cool waters.

Yngling, as Ottarr the Swarthy sang:

In the East no mighty Yngling

To earth fell, ere o'ertook thee

He who subjected to him

The Sea-isles from the westward.

Yngvi: that too is a king's title, as Markús sang:

The age shall hear the praise of Eiríkr:

None in the world a prince hath known of

Lordlier; thou holdest, Yngvi,

The Seat of Kings with long-kept glory.

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Skilfing, as Valgardr sang:

The Skilfing kept a great host

Southward in the broad lands,

Where the swift ships shivered:

Sicily soon was desolated.

Signor, as Sigvatr sang:

O Norway's gracious Signor,

Let the poor enjoy; give greatly.[1]

LXV. "Skalds are called bards; and in skaldship it is correct to call any man so whom one will. Those men who served King Hálfr were called Champions.[2] and from their name warriors are called champions; and it is correct to call all men so. In skaldship men are called Lofdar also, as is written above.[3] Those men were called Skatnar[4] who served the king named Skati the Munificent: from his name every one who is munificent is called Skati. They who followed Bragi the Old were called Bragnar.[5] They who assess the transactions of men are called taxers. Fyrdar[6] and Firar[7] are they called who defend the land. Vikings and fleet-men form a ship-army. They who followed King Beimuni were called Beimar.[8] Captains of companies are called Grooms, even as he is called who carries home a bride. The Goths are named after that king who was called Goti, from whom Gotland is named: he was so called after Odin's name, derived from the name Gautr,

[1. See page 216.

2. Rekkar.

3. See page 232.

4. Plural of Skati = lordly, towering.

5. Heroes.

6, 7. Cf. A.-S. fyrd, firas.

8. Heroes, Men.]

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for Gautland or Gotland was named after Odin's name, and Sweden from the name of Svidurr, which is also a title of Odin's. At that time all the mainland which he possessed was called Reid-Gotaland, and all the islands, Ey-Gotaland: that is now called the Realm of Danes or of Swedes.

"Young men not householders are called Drengs, while they are acquiring wealth and glory: sea-faring Drengs are they who voyage from land to land; King's Drengs are they who serve rulers. They also are Drengs who serve wealthy men or franklins; valiant and ambitious men are called Drengs. Warriors are also called Champions and Troops: these are soldiers. Freeholders are called Thanes and Yeomen; those men who go about reconciling men are called Day-Men. These men are they who are called Champions, Kemps, Men of War, Brave Men, Valiant Men, Hardy Men, Overpowerers, Heroes. Over against these are the following terms: Soft, Weak, Unleavened, Leavenless, Melting One, Sheath, Coward, Skulker, Weakling, Qualmish, Caitiff, Scamp, Vile One, Dog, Lout, Feeble One, Paltry' One, Imbecile, Bungler, Son of Wretchedness.

"A good man of his hands is called Munificent, Illustrious, Towerer, Mighty Towerer, Towering Gold-Giver, Prince of Men, Wealthy One, Prosperous, Heaper-Up of Riches, Mighty Man, Chieftain. In contrast to these are they who are called Niggard, Miser, Calculator, Wretched One, Wealth-Hiding, Gift-Tardy One. A man wise in Counsel is called Wielder of Counsel. A witless man is called Clown, Oaf, Gander, Dupe, Boor, Idiot, Dolt, Fool, Madman, Maniac, Moon-Struck. One who thinks much of dress is called Gaudy, Dreng, Glittering One, Careful

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of Attire, Tricked-Out. A noisy fellow is called Shark-Skin, Braggart, Sheath-Cleaner, Fawner, Brawler, Good-for-Naught, Worthless One. Common-folk are called Country-folk or People. A thrall is called Kept-Man, Serf, Laborer, Servant.

LXVI. "Each one singly is called man; 't is twain if they are two; three are a thorp; four are a group; a band is five men; if there are six, it is a squad; seven complete a crew; eight men make a panel; nine are 'good fellows;' ten are a gang; eleven form an embassy; it is a dozen if twelve go together; thirteen. are a crowd; fourteen are an expedition; it is a gathering, when fifteen meet; sixteen make a garrison; seventeen are a congregation; to him who meets eighteen, they seem enemies enough. He who has nineteen men has a company; twenty men are a posse; thirty are a squadron; forty, a community; fifty are a shire; sixty are an assembly; seventy are a line;[1] eighty are a people; one hundred is a host.

LXVII. "Beside these there are those terms which men prefix to the names of men: we call such terms epithets of possession,[2] or true terms, or surnames. It is an epithet of possession when one names a thing by its true name, and calls him whom one desires to periphrase Owner of that thing; or Father or Grandfather of that which was named; Grandsire is a third epithet. Moreover, a son is also called Heir, Heritor, Bairn, Child and Boy, Inheritor. A blood-kinsman is called Brother, Twin, Germane, Consanguine; a relation is also called Nephew, Kinsman, Kin,

[1. Sörvar, plural of sörvi, a lady's necklace.

2. Vidhenningar: literally, by-periphrases.]

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Kith, Friend, Kin-Stave, Descendant, Family-Prop, Family-Stem, Kin-Branch, Family-Bough, Offshoot, Offspring, Head-Tree, Scion. Kinsmen by marriage are further called Sib-folk, Minglers of Blood. A friend is called Counsel-Mate, Counsel-Giver, Adviser, Secret-Sharer, Converser, Bench-Fellow, Fondling, Seat-Mate; bench-fellow also means Cabin-Mate. A foe is called Adversary, Shooter Against One, Hater, Attacker, Scather, Slayer, Hard Presser, Pursuer, Overbearer.

"These terms we call epithets of possession; and so also if a man is known by his dwelling or his ship, which has a name of its own, or by his estate, when a name of its own is given to it.

"This we call true terms: to call a man Wise Man, Man of Thought, Wise in Speech, Sage in Counsel, Wealth Munificent, Not Slack, Endower, Illustrious One; these are surnames.

LXVIII. "These are simple terms for women in skald ship: Wife and Bride and Matron are those women who are given to a man. Those who walk in pomp and fine array are called Dame and Lady. They who are witty of speech are called Women of Wisdom.[1] They who are gentle are called Girls; they who are of high countenance are called Proud and Haughty Ones. She who is of noble mind is called Gentlewoman;[2] she who is richest, Lady. She who is bashful, as young -maids are, or those women who are modest, is called Lass. The woman whose husband has departed from the land is called Stay-at-Home.

[1. Snót (plural, Snótir) = a gentlewoman. Cf. Snotr = wise. A popular etymology.

2. Literally = Plowshare. (See Cl.-Vig, p. 498.)]

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That woman whose husband is slain is called War-Widow: Widow is the term for her whose husband has died of sick ness. Maid means, first, every woman, and then carlines that are old. Then there are those terms for women which are libellous: one may find them in songs, though they be not ill writing. Those women who have one husband in common are called Concubines. A son's wife is termed Daughter-in-law; the husband's mother is called Mother-in-law. A woman may also be called Mother, Grand mother, Great-Grandmother; a Mother is called Dam. Woman is further called Daughter, Bairn, and Child. She is also called Sister, Lady,[1] and Maiden.[1] Woman is also called Bed-Fellow, Speech-Mate, and Secret-Sharer of her husband; and that is an epithet of possession.

LXIX. "A man's head is termed thus: [thus should it he periphrased: call it Toil or Burden of the Neck; Land of the Helm, of the Hood, and of the Brain, of the Hair and Brows, of the Scalp, of Ears, Eves, and Mouth; Sword of Heimdallr, arid it is correct to name any term for sword which one desires; and to periphrase it in terms of every one of the names of Heimdallr][2] the Head, in simple terms, is called Skull, Brain, Temple, Crown. The eyes are termed Vision or Glance, and Regard, Swift-Appraising; [they may he so periphrased as to call them Sun or Moon, Shields and Glass or Jewels or Stones of the Eyelids, of the Brows, the Lashes, or the Forehead]. The ears are called Listeners[3] or Hearing;[3] [one should periphrase

[1. Dís; properly = sister. For discussion of these words, see under dís in Cl.-Vig., p. 100.

2. This and other pages in brackets are probably spurious.

3. These are the literal meanings; the meanings, in general usage, coincide: both words signify the inner parts of the ear (Cl.-Vig.).]

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them by calling them Land, or any earth-name, or Mouth, or Canal, or Vision, or Eyes of Hearing, if the metaphors employed are new-coined. The mouth one should periphrase by calling it Land or House of the Tongue or of the Teeth, of Words or of the Palate, of the Lips, or the like; and if the metaphors used are not traditional, then men may call the mouth Ship, and the lips the Planks, and the tongue Oar or Tiller of the Ship. The teeth are sometimes called Gravel or Rocks of Words, of the Mouth, or of the Tongue. The tongue is often called Sword of Speech or of the Mouth]. The hair which stands on the lips is called Beard, Moustache, or Whiskers. Hair is called Nap; the hair of women is called Tresses. Hair is termed Locks. [One may periphrase hair by calling it Forest, or by some tree-name; one may periphrase it in terms of the skull or brain or head; and the beard in terms of chin or cheeks or throat.]

LXX. The heart is called grain-sheaf; [one should periphrase it by terming it Grain or Stone or Apple or Nut or Ball, or the like, in figures of the breast or of feeling. More over, it may be called House or Earth or Mount of Feeling. One should periphrase the breast by calling it House or Garth or Ship of the Heart, of Breath, or of the Liver; Land of Energy, of Feeling, and of Memory]. Feeling is affection and emotion, love, passion, desire, love-longing. [Passion should be periphrased by calling it Wind of Troll Women; also it is correct to name what one soever is desired, and to name giants, periphrasing giantesses as Woman or Mother or Daughter of the Giants.] Feeling is also called mood, liking, eagerness, courage, activity, memory, understanding,

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temper, humor, good faith. It is also wrath, enmity, mischievousness, grimness, balefulness, grief, sorrow, ill-will, spite, falseness, faithlessness, fickleness, light-mindedness, baseness, hasty temper, violence.

LXXI. "The hand and fore-arm may be called hand, arm, paw, palm. Parts of the arm are called elbow, upper arm, wolf's joint,[1] finger, grip, wrist, nail, finger-tip, hand-edge, quick. [One may term the hand Earth of Weapons or of Defensive Armor; and together with shoulder and arm, the hollow of the hand and the wrist, it may, be called Earth of Gold Rings, of the Falcon and the Hawk, and of all the equivalents thereof; and in new-coined metaphors, Leg of the Shoulder-joint, and Force of the Bow. The legs may be called Tree of the Soles, of the Insteps, of the Ankles, or the like; Running Shaft of the Road or of the Way or the Pace; one may call the leg Tree or Post of all these. The legs are periphrased in metaphors of snowshoes, shoes, and breeks.] The parts of the legs are called thigh, knee, calf, lower leg, upper leg, instep, arch, sole, toe; [one may periphrase the leg in terms of all these, calling it Tree, Mast, and Yard thereof; and in metaphors of them all].

LXXII. "Speech is called words, language, eloquence, talk, tale, gibing, controversy, song, spell, recital, idle talk, babbling, din, chatter, squalling, merry noise, wrangling, mocking, quarrelling, wish-wash, boasting, tittle-tattle, nonsense, idiom, vanity, gabbling. It is also termed voice, sound, resonance, articulation, wailing, shriek, dash, crash, alarm, roaring, creaking, swoop, swooping, outburst.

[1. This is the wrist-joint.]

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LXXIII. "Understanding is called wisdom, counsel, discernment, memory, speculation, intelligence, arithmetic, far sight,[1] craft, word-wit, preëminence. It is called subtlety, wiliness, falsehood, fickleness.

LXXIV. "Expression is of two kinds: that which is called voice, and that which is called manners; manners is also temper. Reiði[2] also has double meaning: reiði[2] is the ill humor of a man, and reiði[2] is also the rigging of a ship or the driving-gear of a horse. Fár also has double meaning: fár[2] signifies wrath, and far[2] signifies a ship.

"Men have made frequent use of such ambiguous expressions as these; and this practice is called punning. [Lith[3] is that part of a man where bones meet; lið is a word for ship; lið means people; when a man renders an other assistance, his aid is lið; líð signifies ale. Hlið signifies the gate in a garth; hliðr men call an ox, and hlíð signifies a slope. One may make such use of these distinct meanings in skaldship as to make a pun that is hard to interpret, provided one employ other distinctions than those which are indicated by the half-lines which precede. These cases are there, and many others, in which divers things have the same name in common.]"

[1. That is, prophecy.

2. These are properly two different words.

3. Lið.]

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Sagas & Legends

ABBREVIATIONS

CL.-VIG. = the Cleasby-Vigfússon Icelandic-English Dictionary, Oxford, 1874.

COD. REG. = Codex Regius, one of the manuscripts in which

Snorri's Edda is preserved.

COD. WORM. = Codex Wormianus, another of the manuscripts.

COD. UPSAL. = Codex Upsaliensis, a third manuscript (U).

YNGL. S. = Ynglinga Saga.

GYLFAG. = Gylfaginning.

SKÁLDS. = Skáldskaparmál.

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Sagas & Legends

{Note: spellings in the index sometimes diverge from those in the text. I have retained the spellings in the index, without comment, in these cases. The electronic version makes it easier to detect these problems--jbh}

Adam and Eve, 3.

Adils, legendary king of Sweden (the Eadgils of Béowulf), 170, 172, 212.

Africa, 5.

Agdir, on the southwest coast of Norway, 207.

Age of Gold, 25.

Ái, a dwarf, 27.

Áleifir (Ólafr Pá), Icelandic chieftain of the tenth-eleventh century, 106.

Álfheimr, abode of the Light-Elves, 31.

Álfr, a dwarf, 27.

Alfödr, 34. See Allfather.

Áli or Váli, son of Odin and Rindr, 41, 114.

Áli, legendary king of Norway, slain by Adils, 170, 171, 212.

Allfather (Odin), 15, 22, 25, 27, 31, 42, 43, 46, 51, 97.

All-Strong, Sun's horse, 23.

Alsvidr. See All-Strong.

Alsvinnsmál, one of the poems of the Elder Edda, 213, 224.

Althjófr, a dwarf, 26.

Alvig, wife of Hálfdan the Old, 228-230.

Amlódí 140. "Amlódi's Churn (=the sea), 140.

Ámsvartnir, a lake, 44.

Andhrímnir, 50.

Andlangr, the second heaven, 32.

Andvari, a dwarf, 26, 151, 152.

Andvari's Yield, 156.

Angles, 197.

Angrboda, a giantess, 42.

Annarr, second husband of Night, 22.

Apli, an ox, 213.

Apostles, 194.

Arfr, an ox, 213.

Arfuni, an ox, 213.

Arnórr Earls' Skald, poet of the eleventh century, 97, 134-136, 180, 181, 196, 198, 201, 209, 216, 218, 223, 226, 231, 232.

Arvakr. See Early-Wake.

Ása-Thor, 5 9, 64, 6 5, 8 5, 116.

Ásgard, abode of the Æsir, citadel of the gods, 14, 15; 21, 22, 25, 74, 83, 89-91, 96, 107, 109, 116, 143, 145, 146.

Ásgrímr, an Icelandic Skald, 141.

Asia, 5, 8, 9.

Askr ("Ash") according to pagan tradition the first created man, 21.

Áslaug, daughter of Sigurdr Fáfnisbani and Gudrún, 159.

Ásynjur, the goddesses corresponding to the male Æsir, 33, 45, 48, 89, 129, 143.

Athra or Annarr, 7.

Atli, son of Budli, brother of Brynhildr, and second husband of Gudrún, 156, 157, 212, 230.

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Atli, a skald, 223.

Atrídr or Atridi, a name of Odin, 34, 211.

Audi, a name of Odin, 230.

Audr, son of Naglfari and Night, 22, 136, 137.

Audumla, the cow that nourished Ymir, 18, 19.

Augustus Caesar, 161.

Aurboda, a giantess, mother of Gerdr, 48.

Aurnir, a giant, 165.

Aurvandill, 118, 119. "Aurvandill's Toe," a star, 119.

Aurvangar, 27.

Austri, a dwarf, 26, 133) 134.

Awful Winter, the winter preceding Ragnarök, 77.

BÁFURR, a dwarf, 20.

Baldr or Beldeg, son of Odin, 8, 28, 36, 41, 71-75, 83, 92, 100, 111, 114, 115, 119, 129, 174. "Baldr's Brow," a plant, 36.

Báleygr, a name of Odin, 34.

Barrey, 49.

Baugi, a giant, brother of Suttungr, 94, 95.

Bedvig, 7

Beigudr, one of Hrólfr Kraki's berserks, 171

Beimar, 233.

Beimuni, a legendary king, 233

Beldeg. See Baldr.

Beli, a giant slain by Freyr, 49, 81, 112, 120, 211.

Bergelmir, ancestor of the Rime Giants, 19.

Bersi, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 181.

Bestla, mother of Odin, Vili, and Vé, 19.

Biflindi, a name of Odin, 34.

Bifröst, bridge of the Æsir, 24, 25, 29, 40, 53, 79.

Bifurr, a dwarf, 26.

Bikki (= Sibicho), Jörmunrekkr's faithless counsellor, 158.

Bil and Hjúki, the children who follow the moon's course (cf. Jill and Jack), 23, 47.

Bileygr, a name of Odin, 34.

Bilskirnir, Thor's hall, 35, 107, 109.

Bjáf or Bjárr, 7.

Bjarkamál, poem attributed to Bjarki, the warrior-skald of Hrólfr Kraki, 173.

Bjárr, 212.

Björn, 212.

Black-Elves. See Dark-Elves.

Blakkr, a horse, 211.

Blódughadda, a daughter of the sea-god Ægir, 219.

Blódughófi, a horse, 211.

Bodn, a vat, 93-95, 103, 105.

Borr, father of Odin, Vili, and Vé, 19-21, 103.

Bragi, the god of poesy, 39, 53, 89, 92, 94, 96, 99, 113, 115, 121, 130.

Bragi, a Norwegian skald of the

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ninth century, 13, 103, 107, 109, 143, 144, 150, 159, 160, 185, 189, 221.

Bragi, son of Hálfdan the Old, legendary king, 230.

Bragi the Old, legendary king, 203.

Bragnings, the dynasty of Bragi Hálfdanarson, 230, 231.

Brandr, 8.

Breidablik, the abode of Baldr, 31, 36.

Brimir, a hall, 82.

Brísinga-men, Freyja's necklace, 46, 113, 114, 129, 132.

Brokkr, a dwarf, 145.

Brunnakr's brook, 132.

Brynhildr, 155, 156. See Hildr.

Budli, soil of Hálfdan, father of Atli and Brynhildr, 156, 230.

Budlungs, the dynasty of Budli, 230, 231.

Búi, 183.

Búri, primogenitor of the gods, 19, 103.

Búseyra, 111.

Býleistr, brother of Loki, 41, 80, 114.

Bylgja, a daughter of Ægir, 219.

Byrgir, 23.

Bödvar-Bjarki, one of Hrólfr Kraki's berserks, 171.

Bödvarr the Halt, an Icelandic skald of the twelfth century, 134.

Bölthorn, a giant, father of Bestla, 19.

Bölverkr, a name of Odin, assumed by him on his visit to Hnitbjörg, 34, 95 ff.

Bölverkr, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, son of Arnórr, 218.

Bömburr, a dwarf, 26.

CHRIST, 161, 194, 197.

Constantinople, 197.

Creation: Hebrew tradition, 3; Teutonic pagan tradition, 16-26.

DAGR, 211.

Dagr, son of Hálfdan, 230.

Dáinn, a dwarf, 26.

Dáinn, a hart, 29, 210.

Dáinsleif, Högni's sword, 189.

Dalarr, a hart, 210.

Dalr, a hart, 210.

Danes, 8, 234.

Dark-Elves, 31, 43.

Day, 136.

Day, god of the day, 22.

Dayspring, third husband of Night, and father of Day, 22.

Denmark, 9, 13, 161, 169, 199, 230.

Dólgthvari, a dwarf, 26.

Dóri, a dwarf, 26.

Draupnir, a dwarf, 26.

Draupnir, Odin's gold ring, 73, 74, 111, 134, 143, 146, 147, 174.

{p. 248}

Dröfn, a daughter of Ægir, 219.

Drómi, a fetter, 43.

Drösull, a horse, 211.

Dúfa, a daughter of Ægir, 219.

Dúfr, a dwarf, 26.

Duneyrr, a hart, 29, 210.

Durathrór, a hart, 29, 210.

Durinn, a dwarf, 26.

Dvalinn, a dwarf, 26, 104, 211.

Dvalinn, a hart, 29, 210.

Döglings, a Swedish dynasty, 230, 231.

EARLY-WAKE, Sun's horse, 23, 212.

East, a dwarf, 20.

Egill Skallagrímsson, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 100, 104, 112, 112, 169, 209, 217, 228.

Egill Völusteinsson, an Icelandic skald, son of Völu-Steinn, q.v., 106.

Eikin, a river, 52.

Eikinskjaldi, a dwarf, 27.

Eikthyrni, a. hart in Valhall, 52.

Eilífr Gudrúnarson, an Icelandic skald (c. 1000), 105, 108, 109, 123, 194.

Eilífir Kúlnasveinn, a skald, 195, 196.

Einarr Skúlason, an Icelandic skald, 139, 140, 148, 169, 175, 196, 214, 219.

Einarr Tinkling-Scale, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 103-105, 175, 176, 182-184, 187, 193, 203, 205, 207, 209, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220-223, 230, 231.

Einherjar, Odin's Champions, 48, 53.

Einridi, 7.

Einridi, a name of Thor, 121.

Eiríkr, son of Earl Hákon the Mighty, 205.

Eiríkr the Wise-in-Speech, 230.

Eiríksmál, a poem on Eiríkr Blood-axe, 102.

Eldhrímnir, a kettle, 50.

Elfin-Beam, the sun, 84.

Ella, 129.

Elli ("Old Age"), 65-67.

Elves, 29, 11, 32, 90, 96.

Embla ("Maple"?) the first created woman, 21.

Eneá. See Európá.

England, 9, 14, 197, 199.

Eräh, Ónurb, 88, 99, 111.

Erpr, one of Gudrún's three sons by Jónakr, 159-160.

Erringar-Steinn, a skald, 191.

Európá or Eneá, Europe, 5.

Ey-Gotaland, 234.

Eyjólfr the Valiant Skald, an Icelandic poet of the early eleventh century, 194, 208.

Eylimi, maternal grandfather of Sigurdr the Völsung, 153, 230.

Eymundr, a king of Hólmgardr, 229.

{p. 249}

Eysteinn Valdason, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 108.

Eyvindr Skald-Despoiler, a Norwegian skald of the tenth century, 98-100, 102, 105, 106, 112, 136, 148, 172, 181, 188, 197, 205, 228.

FÁFNIR brother of Otter, 151, 154, 174, 213.

Fákr, a horse, 211.

Falhófnir, a horse, 29, 211.

Falr, a dwarf, 27.

Fárbauti the giant, father of Loki, 41, 114.

Farmatýr ("God of Cargoes"), a name of Odin, 34.

Fearful-Tusk, Freyr's boar, 73, 113.

Fenja, one of the two giantesses who turned the stones of the mill Grotti for King Fródi, 162-169, 174.

Fenris-Wolf or Fenrir, 24, 39, 42-45, 50, 78-81, 83, 84, 101, 113, 114.

Fensalir, Frigg's abode, 45, 71, 129.

Fidr, a dwarf, 27.

Fíli, a dwarf, 26.

Fimbulthul, a river, 16, 52.

Finland, 217.

Finn, 7.

Fire-Kindler, one of Ægir's thralls, 144.

Five-Finger, one of Ægir's thralls, 144.

Fjalarr, a dwarf, 93.

Fjölnir, a legendary Swedish king, 162.

Fjölnir, a name of Odin, 34.

Fjölsvidr, a name of Odin, 34.

Fjörgvin or Fjörgynn, Frigg's mother, 22, 129, 208.

Fjörm, a river, 16, 52.

Fjörsvartnir, Night's horse, 212.

Fólkvangr, Freyja's dwelling, 38.

Fornjótr, father of the Wind, 141.

Forseti, son of Baldr, 41, 89, 111.

Fránangr-Falls, 75.

Frankland (Franconia, or all the territory occupied by the Franks), 8.

Franks, the, 230.

Freki, one of Odin's wolves, 50, 51.

Freóvin, 8.

Freyja, daughter of Njördr, 39, 46, 54, 73, 89, 91, 111-113, 116, 128, 129, 1431 149-150, 184, 187.

Freyr, son of Njördr, 38, 48-50, 561 73, 79, 81, 89, 111, 112, 129, 136, 146, 171 149.

Fríallaf or Fridleifr, 7, 8.

Fridleifr, 161, 162.

Frigg or Frígídá, wife of Odin, 7, 22, 33, 45-47, 71-74, 81, 89, 99, 111, 114, 121, 129, 136, 143.

Frjódigar or Fródi, 8.

{p. 250}

Fródi, legendary king of Denmark, 161. Fródi's Peace. 161-164, 167-169.

Frosti, a dwarf, 27.

Frosty-Mane, Night's horse, 22.

Fulla, one of the Ásynjur, 46, 74, 89, 129, 143, 148.

Fundinn, a dwarf, 26.

Fýri, a river ill Sweden, 171-173.

Fýris-Plain, 143.

Fölkvir, a horse, 212.

GALARR, a dwarf, 93.

Gamli Gnævadar-Skáld, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 109, 231.

Gandálfr, a dwarf, 26.

Gangleri, a name of Odin, 34.

Gangleri, alias of Gylfi, King of Sweden, 14 ff., 23-25, 27-36, 38, 44, 45, 49-53, 56, 57, 68, 70, 75, 77, 81 82, 84.

Gangr, a giant, 92, 124.

Gardar, the modern Russia, 196.

Gardrofa, a horse, 47.

Garmr, a dog, 53, 79.

Gauta-Týr ("God of Geats" ?) a title of Odin, 99.

Gautr, a name of Odin, 34, 204, 235.

Geats, 197.

Gefjun, one of the Ásynjur, 13, 46, 89, 143.

Gefn, a name of Freyja, 46, 149.

Geirahöd, a Valkyr, 48.

Geirrödr, a giant, 33, 107, 110, 114, 121-2124.

Geirvimul, a river, 52.

Geitir, 191.

Gelgja, a chain, 45.

Gerdr, wife of Freyr, 48, 49, 89.

Geri, one of Odin's wolves, 50, 51.

Gevis or Gave, 9.

Gillingr, a giant, 93, 94, 105.

Gimlé, the pagan Paradise, 16, 31, 82.

Ginnarr, a dwarf, 27.

Ginnungagap, the Chaos of the Scandinavian mythology, 17, 20.

Gípul, a river, 52.

Gísl, a horse, 29, 211.

Gizurr, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 225.

Gjallar-Horn, Heimdallr's trumpet, 27, 40, 79, 80.

Gjálp, a giantess, daughter of Geirrödr, 110, 122 ff., 210.

Gjúki, Sigurdr's father-in-law, 155, 159, 230.

Gjúkungs, the dynasty of Gjúki, 157.

Gjöll, a river (the Styx of the pagan Scandinavians), 16, 73, 74. Gjöll's Bridge, 73, 74.

Gjöll, a rock, 45.

Gladr ("Glad," "Bright"), Day's horse, 28.

Gladsheim, abode of the Æsir, 25.

{p. 251}

Glammi, 221.

Glapsvidr, a name of Odin, 34

Glasir, a grove in Ásgard, 143, 145, 174

Glaumr, a horse, 128, 212.

Gleipnir, the fetter with which Fenris-Wolf is bound, 39, 43, 44.

Glenr, husband of Sun, 23.

Glenr, a horse, 28, 140/

Glitnir, Forseti's hall. 31, 41.

Glóinn, a dwarf, 26.

Glórá See Lórá.

Glúmr Geirason, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 98, 104, 186, 197, 229.

Glær, a horse, 211.

Gná, one of the Ásynjur, 47.

Gnipa's Cave, den of the dog Garmr, 79.

Gnita Heath, Fáfnir's abode, 153, 154.

God of Cargoes. See Týr of Cargoes.

God of the Hanged, a title of Odin, 97, 98.

God of the Slain, a title of Odin, 101.

God of Tears, a title of Baldr, 111.

Gói, the eighth month, 225.

Góinn, a serpent, 30, 213.

Gold-Bristle, Freyr's boar, 73, 112.

Gold-Mane. See Gold-Bristle; also 115, 118.

Goths, 233.

Goti, Gunnarr's horse, 155, 210.

Goti, a legendary king, 233.

Gotland, 161, 233, 234; or Gautland, 233, 234.

Gotthormr, murderer of Sigurdr Fáfnisbani, 155, 156, 166.

Grábakr, a serpent, 30, 213.

Grád, a river, 52.

Grafvitnir, a serpent, 30, 174, 213.

Grafvölludr, a serpent, 30.

Gramr, Sigurdr Fáfnisbani's sword, 153, 156.

Gramr, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228.

Grani, Sigurdr Fáfnisbani's horse, 154, 155, 174, 177.

Grani, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 223, 231.

Greeks, 194, 196, 197.

Greip, a giantess, sister of Gjálp, 123.

Grettír, a skald, 184.

Grídr, a giantess, mother of Vídarr, 122, 129. Grídr's Rod, 122 ff.

Grímhildr, mother of the Gjúkungs, 155.

Grímnir, a name of Odin, 34, 106.

Grímnismál, poem in the Elder Eddic collection, 35, 47, 52.

Grímr, a name of Odin, 34.

Grjótbjörn (Arinbjörn Thórisson), a skald of the tenth century, 112.

{p. 252}

Grjótúnagard, 116, 117, 119.

Gróa, wife of Aurvandill, 118, 119.

Grótti, the mill that made the sea salt, 140, 162, 163, 165.

Gudólfr, 7.

Gudr, a Valkyr, 48, 181, 182.

Gudrún, daughter of Gjúki and wife of Sigurdr Fáfnisbani, 111, 155-159.

Gullfaxi, Day's horse, 211.

Gullintanni, a name of Heimdallr, q.v.

Gulltopr ("Gold-Top") Heimdallr's horse, 28, 40, 73, 113, 210.

Gungnir, Odin's spear, 79, 102, 145, 146.

Gunnarr, a Niflung or Gjúkung, 155-158.

Gunnlaugr Serpent's-Tongue, an Icelandic skald of the tenth-eleventh century, 177.

Gunnlöd, daughter of Suttungr the giant, 94, 95, 100, 106, 107, 129, 136. Gunnlöd's Liquor, 106, 107.

Gunnr. See Gudr.

Gunnthrá, a river, 16, 52.

Gunnthráin, a river, 52.

Gylfi, King of Sweden, gives lands to the Æsir, 8; contest with Odin, 13 ff.

Gylfi, 192.

Gylfi, a son of Hálfdan, 22 8, 229.

Gyllir, a horse, 28, 211.

Gýmir, father of Gerdr, 48

Gymir (a name of Ægir), 138.

Göll, a Valkyr, 48.

Gömul, a river, 52.

Göndlir, a name of Odin, 34.

Göndul, a Valkyr, 99, 182.

Göpul, a river, 52.

Götha, a river, 209.

HÁAR, a name of Odin, 181. See Hárr.

Hábrók, a hawk, 53.

Haddings, 98, 211.

Háfeti, a horse, 211.

Hagbardr, 230.

Haki, a viking, 211, 222.

Hákon, the Mighty, son of Sigurdr and Bergliot, and Earl of

Hladir, ruler of Norway 975-995, 148, 173, 182, 202, 204.

Hálfdan the Munificent, 230.

Hálfdan the Old, a legendary king, 227-230.

Hálfdan the Swarthy, son of Haraldr Fairhair, 230.

Hálfdanr, 168.

Hálfr, a legendary king of Hördaland, 141, 233.

Hallarsteinn, a skald, 177, 178.

Halldórr, an Icelandic skald of the twelfth century, 224.

Hallfredr Troublous-Skald, in the service of Ólafr Tryggvason, 99, 136, 137, 179, 184, 187, 200, 229.

Hallinskídi. See Heimdallr.

{p. 253}

Hallr, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 210.

Hallvardr, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 136, 186, 192, 193, 207, 217, 227.

Hamdir, a son of Gudrún and Jónakr, 111, 158-160, 184.

Hamskerpir, a horse, 47.

Haraldr Gormsson, King of Denmark 940-986, and friend of Hákon the Mighty, 201, 202, 212.

Haraldr the Red-Bearded or Gold-Bearded, father-in-law of Hálfdan the Black, 230.

Haraldr Sigurdarson, King of Norway 1045-l066, 193, 199.

Hárbardr, a name of Odin, 34.

Hárekr, 102.

Hárr ("The High One"), poetic name for Odin, 15-21, 23-25, 27-36, 39, 44, 45, 49-53, 56, 68, 70, 75, 77, 83.

Hárr, a dwarf, 26.

Harri or Herra, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228, 229.

Hati Hródvitnisson, a Wolf, 23.

Haustlöng, a poem by Thjódólfr of Hvin, 119 ff., 130 ff.

Hávardr the Halt, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 97.

Head, Heimdallr's sword, 40.

Hector, 85.

Hedinn, son of Hjarrandi, 127, 188-190.

Hefring, a daughter of Ægir, 230.

Heidrún, the she-goat whose udders give meed for the Einherjar, 51.

Heimdalargaldr, a lost Eddic lay, 40, 113. See Introduction.

Heimdallr, sentinel of the Æsir, 40, 73, 79, 80, 89, 101, 113, 115. Heimdallr's Measure, 113.

Heimir, 159.

Heingistr, 7

Heinir, 223

Heiti, 139, 194.

Hel, the hell of the pagan Scandinavians, 16, 74, 75, 83, 213.

Hel, goddess of the nether world, 42, 72, 74, 111, 114.

Helblindi, a name of Odin, 34.

Helblindi, brother of Loki, 41, 1114.

Hengikjöptr, 162.

Hengjankjapta, 111.

Heptifíli, a dwarf, 26.

Heremód, 7.

Herfjötur, a Valkyr, 48.

Herjann, a name of Odin, 34

Hermódr the Bold, son of Odin, 72-74, 99.

Hermundr, 135.

Herteitr, a name of Odin, 34.

Hildings, 230

Hildir, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 230.

Hildr, a Valkyr, 48, 184-186, 231.

Hildr, a Valkyr, daughter of Högni, 188-190.

{p. 254}

Hildr, or Brynhildr, a Valkyr, 155, 156.

Hill-Danes (= giants), 120.

Hill-Giants, 28, 35, 40, 48, 73, 160, 165, 169.

Hilmir, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228, 229.

Himinbjörg, Heimdallr's dwelling, 31, 40.

Himinglæva, a daughter of Ægir, 219.

Himinhrjódr, an ox, 213.

Hinda-Fell, site of Brynhildr's hall and the Flaring Fire, 155.

Hísing, 223.

Hjadnings, 178, 189-190.

Hjálmberi, a name of Odin, 34.

Hjálmthér, 211.

Hjálprekr, King at Thjód, 153.

Hjalti the Stout-Hearted, one of Hrólfr Kraki's berserks, 171.

Hjaltland (Shetland), 226.

Hjarrandi, 188, 190.

Hjúki. See Bil.

Hjördís, Sigurdr Fáfnisbani's mother, 153.

Hledjólfr, a dwarf, 26.

Hleidr, 168, 170.

Hlér. See Ægir (2). Hlér's Isle (now Læssø), 89.

Hlidskjálf, one of Odin's abodes, 22, 31, 48, 75, 102.

Hlín, one of the Ásynjur, 47.

Hlóra, 107.

Hlymdalir, 159.

Hlödyn (= Earth), 81, 208.

Hlökk, a Valkyr, 48, 181, 184, 187.

Hnikarr, a name of Odin, 34.

Hnikudr, a name of Odin, 34.

Hnitbjörg, 94. 103.

Hnoss, daughter of Freyja, 46, 129, 148.

Hoddmímir's Holt, 83.

Hólmgardr, the Scandinavian kingdom of Novgorod, 228.

Hoof-Tosser, Gná's horse, 47.

Hornklofi, a skald of Haraldr Fairhair (c. 900), 181, 191, 216.

Hoy, 188.

Hrafn, a horse, 110.

Hrafnketill, 185.

Hreidmarr, father of Otter, Fáfnir, and Reginn, 150-152.

Hríd, a river, 16.

Hrímfaxi, Night's horse, 212.

Hrímnir, 108.

Hringhorni, Baldr's ship, 72, 111.

Hrist, a Valkyr, 48.

Hrólfr Kraki, a legendary king of Denmark (the Hróthulf of the Béowulf, 169-173, 227.

Hropta-Týr ("God of Gods"), a title of Odin, 34, 99.

Hroptr (= Odin), 102.

Hrotti, Fáfnir's sword, 153.

Hrund, 221.

Hrungnir, a giant slain by Thor, 107, 109, 115-118, 121, 165, 182, 185.

Hrungnir's Heart, the name of a rune, 117.

{p. 255}

Hrymr, a giant, helmsman of Naglfar, 78-80.

Hræsvelgr, a giant, 32.

Hrönn, a river, 52.

Hrönn, a daughter of Ægir, 219.

Hugi, 62, 63, 67. Huginn, one of Odin's ravens, 51, 214.

Hugstari, a dwarf, 26.

Húsdrápa, a poem by Úlfr Uggason, 111, 113, 115.

Hvergelmir, the wellspring of the Mist-World, 16, 27, 29, 52, 82.

Hvítserkr the Stern, one of Hrólfr Kraki's berserks, 171 .

Hymir, a giant, 68-70, 110, 132.

Hýrr, an ox, 212.

Hyrrokkin, a giantess 73, 111.

Hœnir, a horse, 212.

Hœnir, one of the Æsir, 37, 89, 114, 132, 133, 150.

Hödr, the blind god, and slayer of Baldr, 40, 71, 72, 83, 111, 114.

Högni, brother of Gunnarr, 155-157, 192.

Högni, father of Hildr, 188-190, 194, 201, 212.

Hölgi, father of Thorgerdr Hölgabrúdr, 173.

Höll, a river, 52.

Hölvir, a horse, 212.

Hördland in Norway, 198.

Hörn, a name of Freyja, 46, 149.

Hörr, a dwarf, 26.

ICE-WAVES, a mythological river, 17, 18.

Ida-Field or Ida-Plain, 25, 83.

Idi, a giant, 92, 124, 165, 174.

Idunn, wife of the god Bragi and guardian of the apples of youth, 39, 89-91, 113, 114, 129, 130, 137, 143.

Illugi, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 209.

Ingi Haraldsson, Norwegian king (d. 1161), 134.

Ingvi-Freyr, 132. See Freyr.

"Inlaying," 191.

Ironwood, a forest, 24.

Ironwood-Women, 24.

Ítermann, 7.

Ívaldi, a dwarf, father of Brokkr and Sindri, 56, 145.

JAFNHÁRR, poetic name for Odin, 15-18, 20, 27, 33, 34,57.

Jalangr's Heath, 161.

Jálkr, a name of Odin, 34.

Jarizleifr, a Russian king, 1016-1054, 202.

Járnsaxa, a giantess, 118, 129, 215.

Ját, 7.

Jerusalem, 194, 197.

Jóm, 227.

Jónakr, third husband of Gudrún, 158, 161.

Jór, a horse, 211.

Jordan, 194, 196.

Jórunn, a poetess, 231.

{p. 256}

Jutland. See Reidgothland.

Jöfurr, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228, 229.

Jörd, daughter of Night and of Annarr, wife of Odin, and mother of Thor, 22, 48, 107 ff., 119, 127, 129, 134.

Jörmungandr. See Midgard Serpent.

Jörmunrekkr (= Ermanarich), King of the Goths, fourth century, 158-161.

Jöruplain, 27.

Jötunheim, the abode of the giants, 13, 22, 25, 42, 54, 55, 58, 72, 80, 91, 115-117, 119, 132.

KÁLFVÍSA, 211

Keila, 110.

Kerlaugs, the, two rivers, 28.

Kertr, a horse, 212.

Kíli, a dwarf, 26.

Kjalarr, a name of Odin, 34.

Kjallandi, 110.

Kjárr, 130.

Knúi, 166.

Knútr, 136.

Kormákr, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 100, 102, 179, 186, 201, 204, 205.

Kvasir, wisest of the gods, 76, 93, 94, 103, 106.

Kölga, a daughter of Ægir, 219.

Körmt, a river, 28.

LAUFEY or Nál, mother of Loki, 41, 114.

Leidi, 111.

Leifi, 160.

Leikn, 110.

Leiptr, a river, 16.

Léttfeti, a horse, 28, 210.

Líf and Lífthrasir, the sole human survivors of Surtr's Fire 83.

Light-Elves, 31, 32.

Listi, 129.

Litr, a dwarf, 26, 73.

Lofdar, 230, 232, 233.

Lofdi, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 230.

Lofdungs, the dynasty of Lofdi, 230, 232.

Lofn, one of the Ásynjur, 46.

Logi, 62, 67.

Loki or Loptr, the sly god (Loki Laufeyarson), 33, 41 ff., 54, 55, 57. 58, 62, 67, 71, 75 ff., 85, 89-92, 113-115, 121-124, 131-133, 143-147, 150-152.

Lórá, wife of Duke Lóríkus of Thrace, 6.

Lóridi, son of Thor and Sif, 7.

Lóríkus of Thrace, foster-father of Thor, 6.

Lovarr, a dwarf, 27.

Lund, in Sweden, 175.

Lungr, a horse, 210.

Lútr, 111.

Lyngvi, an island, 44.

Lædingr, a fetter, 43.

{p. 257}

Læradr, a tree in Valhall, 51.

Lögr, the Malar in Sweden, 13.

MAGI, 7.

Magni, son of Thor arid Járnsaxa, 83, 107, 108, 119.

Magnús, 222.

Man, the Isle of, 203, 218.

Máni, a skald, 193.

Mardöll, a name of Freyja, 46, 174

Markús, an Icelandic skald (c. 1100), 135, 192, 195, 222, 226, 229, 232.

Marr, a horse, 210.

Mary, the Virgin, 195.

Mediterranean Sea, 5.

Meili, Thor's brother, 119, 131, 134.

Meinthjófr, 211.

Menja, a giantess, 162 ff. See Fenja.

Mennón, Trojan king, son-in-law of Priam and father of Thor, 6.

Michael, the Archangel, 136.

Midgard, the citadel prepared by the gods for human habitation. 21, 24, 53, 54, 68, 80, 107.

Midgard Serpent, 42, 67-70, 78-81, 83, 107, 114.

Mímir, the wise giant, who guards the well of wisdom, 27, 79; 80, 101.

Mimir's Well, the source of wisdom, 27, 79.

Mist, a Valkyr, 49.

Mistletoe, 71, 72, 114.

Mist-World, 16.

Mjödvitnir, a dwarf, 26.

Mjöllnir, Thor's hammer, 35, 55, 57, 60, 73, 83, 107, 118, 121.

Móda, 7.

Módgudr, the maiden who guards Gjöll's Bridge, 73.

Módi, a son of Thor, 83, 107.

Módnir, a horse, 211.

Módrödnir, a hart, 210.

Módsognir, a dwarf, 26.

Móinn, a serpent, 30, 213.

Mona. See Man, the Isle of.

Moon, the Moon-god, 23.

Moon-Hound, a Wolf, 24.

Mór, a horse, 210.

Morginn ("Morn"), 212.

Mundilfari, father of Sun and Moon, 23, 140.

Muninn, one of Odin's ravens, 51, 214, 215.

Múnón. See Mennón.

Múspell, the Region of Fire, 16, 24, 25, 50, 56, 78-80.

Múspellheim, 17, 20; 23. See Múspell.

Mýsingr, a pirate, 162.

Mökkurkálfi, 117, 118.

NAGLFAR, the ship of Múspell, 56, 78, 80.

Naglfari, husband of Night, 22.

Náinn a dwarf, 26.

Nál. See Laufey.

{p. 258}

Nanna, Baldr's wife, 41, 73, 74, 89, 111, 129.

Nár, a dwarf, 26.

Nari or Narfi, son of Loki and Sigyn, 42, 77, 114.

Nástrand, 82.

Nefir, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 230.

Nep, Nanna's father, 41, 73.

Nid, a river emptying into Trondhjem Bay, 223.

Nida Fells, 82.

Nídhöggr, the serpent that gnaws the root of Yggdrasill, 27, 29, 30, 213.

Nidi, a dwarf, 26.

Niflheim, the Mist-World, 17, 27, 42.

Niflhel, the Misty Hell, 55.

Niflungs, 155, 157, 174, 230.

Night, 136.

Night, the goddess of the night, 22.

Nikarr, a name of Odin, 15.

Nikudr, a name of Odin, 15.

Nípingr, a dwarf, 26.

Niz, the river Nissan in Sweden, 229.

Njáll of the Burning, an Icelandic skald and, lawyer of the tenth century, 219.

Njördr, reckoned among the Æsir, but originally of the Vanir, 36, 48, 89, 92, 111, 112, 129, 143.

Noah, 3. Noah's Ark, 3.

Nóatún, Njördr's abode, 36 ff., 92.

Nordri, a dwarf, 26, 133. See North.

Nordrsetudrápa, a poem by Sveinn, 141.

Nóri, a dwarf, 26.

Norns: the three Norns, the Germanic Fates, 28-30, 143; the minor norns, 29.

North, a dwarf, 20.

Norway, settled by Odin, 9; mentioned, 170, 188, 199, 218, 226, 233.

Nýi, a dwarf, 26.

Nýr, a dwarf, 26.

Nýrádr, a dwarf, 26.

Nyt, a river, 52.

Nönn, a river, 52.

Nörfi or Narfi, a giant, father of Night, 22.

Nöt, a river, 152.

ODIN or Vóden, son of Fríallaf or Fridleifr, 7; migrates from Turkland to the North, 7-9.

Odin (to be identified with the above), son of Borr and Bestla, and supreme deity of the pagan Scandinavians, 19, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, 38, 45, 48, 50-53, 72-75, 79-81, 89, 92, 94-107, 109, 111, 113-116, 127-129, 124, 127-129, 131, 132, 136, 137, 143, 145, 146, 149-152.

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161, 180-183, 186, 190, 206, 214, 218, 225, 226, 233, 234.

Ódr, Freyja's husband, 4-6, 55, 129, 148.

Ódrerir, a kettle, 93-95, 103, 105, 105.

Ófnir, a serpent, 30, 213.

Óinn, a dwarf, 26.

Ókólnir, a hall, 82.

Ólafr, 184.

Óláfr the Holy, King of Norway 1015-1030, 225.

Óleifr, King of Sweden (d. 1024), 207.

Ómi, a name of Odin, 34.

Ónarr, 136, 201.

Ónarr, a dwarf, 26.

Óri, a dwarf, 26.

Orkneys, 188.

Ormr Barrey's-Skald, a poet, 134, 138.

Ormr Steinthórsson, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 104, 106, 141, 178, 220.

Órun, 174.

Óski, a name of Odin, 34.

Óttarr the Swarthy, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 176, 180, 200, 206, 207, 215, 220, 221, 226, 228, 229, 232.

Otter, son of Hreidmarr, 143, 150-152.

PIG of the Swedes, the gold ring of King Adils, 171, 172.

Priam, King of Troy, 6.

RÁDGRÍDR, a Valkyr, 48.

Rádsvidr, a dwarf, 26.

Ragnarr Lodbrók, Danish king and sea-rover, 160, 161, 190.

Ragnarr. Lodbrók's Song of Praise, 189.

Rán, wife of the sea-god Ægir, 137, 139, 144, 219.

Randgrídr, a Valkyr, 48.

Randvér, son of King Jörmunrekkr, 158, 160.

Ratatöskr, squirrel of Yggdrasill, 29.

Rati, an auger, 95.

Raudr, an ox, 212.

Raumar, 223.

Raven-God, a title of Odin, 51, 98.

Refill, Reginn's sword, 153.

Refr, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 98, 101, 104, 138, 180, 185, 187, 193, 217, 218, 220.

Reginleif, a Valkyr, 48.

Reginn, son of Hreidmarr, brother of Fáfnir, and fosterer of Sigurdr, 151-154.

Reidgothland (Jutland, 8), 234.

Reid-Gotaland. See Reidgothland.

Reifnir, 190.

Rekinn, an ox, 212.

Rekkr, a dwarf, 26.

Rerir, 8.

Rhine, the German river, 157, 174, 175.

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Rhymes of Thorgrímr, 210, 212.

Rime-Giants, 16-19, 27, 35, 53, 73, 79, 147.

Rindr, the mother of Áli or Váli, 41 48, 100, 114, 129, 136, 137, 206.

Ródi, 183, 184.

Rome, 194., 195, 197.

Róta, a Valkyr, 48.

Rygir, 180.

Ræsir, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228.

Rögnvaldr Jarl, Earl of Orkney 1012-1045, 135, 202.

Rögnvaldr's Song of Praise, 202.

Röskva, Thor's handmaid, 57, 58, 107, 108.

SADR, a name of Odin, 34.

Sága, one of the Ásynjur, 46.

Sann-getall, a name of Odin, 34.

Saxland (Saxony), 7, 9. East Saxland, 7.

Saxons, 171.

Seskef, 7.

Sessrúmnir, Freyja's hall, 38, 129.

Sheen-Mane, Shining-Mane, one of Day's horses, 22, 212.

Síbil. See Sif.

Sicily, 193, 233

Sid, a river, 57.

Sídhöttr, a name of Odin, 34.

Sidskeggr, a name of Odin, 34.

Sif, wife of Thor, 6, 41, 107, 108, 114, 116, 129, 136, 143, 145, 146, 174

Sigarr, 7

Sigarr, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 230.

Sigarr, descendant of Sigarr son of Hálfdan, 230.

Sigfödr, a name of Odin, 34.

Siggeirr, son-in-law of Völsungr, 230.

Sigi, son of Odin, 8.

Sigmundr, son of Völsungr and father of Sigurdr Fáfnisbani, 153, 159.

Sigmundr, son of Sigurdr Fáfnisbani, 155.

Sigtryggr, 227.

Sigtún, founded by Odin, 8.

Sigtún, in Sweden, 218.

Sigurdr Fáfnisbani, legendary hero, 153-156, 158, 159, 230.

Sigurdr, Jarl at Hladir in the tenth century, father of Hákon the Mighty, 98, 185, 202.

Sigvaldi, 183.

Sigvatr, an Icelandic skald (fl. c. 1000), 196, 200, 226, 233.

Sigyn, wife of Loki, 42, 77, 89, 114, 131.

Siklings, 230-232.

Silfrintoppr, a horse, 28

Silfrtoppr, 211.

Simul, 23.

Sindri, a dwarf, 145, 146.

Sindri, a hall, 82.

Sinfjötli, son of Sigmundr and half-brother of Sigurdr Fáfnisbani, 159.

Singasteinn, 113, 115.

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Sinir, a horse, 28, 211.

Sjöfn, one of the Ásynjur, 46.

Skadi, daughter of Thjazi the giant, and wife of Njördr, 37, 38, 77, 91, 92, 111, 115, 131 133, 135, 143.

Skáfidr, a dwarf, 27.

Skapti Thóroddsson, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 195.

Skati the Munificent, a legendary king, 233.

Skatnar, 233.

Skeggjöld, a Valkyr, 48.

Skeidbrimir, a horse, 28, 211.

Skelfir, a legendary king, 230.

Skídbladnir, Freyr's ship, 53, 56, 112, 145, 14.6.

Skilfingr, a name of Odin, 34.

Skilfings, the dynasty of Skelfir, 230, 233.

Skinfaxi, Day's horse. See Sheen Mane.

Skirfir, a dwarf, 27.

Skírnir, Freyr's messenger, 43, 44, 48, 49, 79.

Skjaldun. See Skjöldr.

Skjöldr or Skjaldun, legendary king of Denmark, 7, 8, 161, 230.

Skjöldungs, Danish dynasty, reputed to have sprung from Skjöldr, son of Odin, 8, 230, 232.

Skrýmir, a giant, also called Útgarda-Loki, 59-61.

Skuld ("That which is to be," the Future), one of the Norns, 28, 48.

Skúli Thorsteinsson, an Icelandic skald, grandson of Egill Skallagrímsson, 140, 148, 173, 215, 216.

Skyli or Skúli, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228, 229.

Skævadr, a horse, 213

Skögul, a Valkyr, 48, 99, 181, 225.

Sköll, a wolf, 23.

Sleipnir, Odin's horse, 28, 53, 72, 114, 115, 210.

Slídr, a river, 16.

Slöngvir, horse of King Adils, 172, 212.

Snotra, one of the Ásynjur, 47.

Snæbjörn, a skald, 140, 201.

Sól. See Sun.

Són, a vat, 93-95, 103.

Sóti, a horse, 210.

South, a dwarf. See Sudri.

Starkadr, 110.

Steinarr, a skald, 178.

Steinn, 138.

Steinn Herdísarson, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 135, 178.

Steinthórr, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 100.

Strong-through-Spells, a title of Odin, 102.

Stúfr, a skald of the eleventh century, 229.

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Stúfr, a horse, 211.

Styrkárr Oddason, a skald, 194.

Sudri, a dwarf ("South"), 20, 26, 128, 133.

Summer, 32.

Sun, 47.

Sun, the sun-goddess, 23.

Surtr, 16, 31, 78, 83, 83, 102.

Surtr's Fire, 31.

Suttungr, a giant, Gillingr's son, 94-96.

Svadilfari, a stallion, sire of Sleipnir, 54, 55.

Sváfnir, a serpent, 30, 213.

Svanhildr, daughter of Sigurdr Fáfnisbani and Gudrún, 155, 158, 161.

Svarinshaugr, 27.

Svásudr, father of Summer, 32, 142.

Svebdeg or Svipdagr, 7.

Sveidi, 192.

Sveinn, a skald, 141, 192.

Svíarr, a dwarf, 26.

Svidrir, a name of Odin, 34.

Svidurr, a name of Odin, 34, 234.

Svipall, a name of Odin, 34.

Svipdagr, one of Hrólfr Kraki's berserks, 171.

Svívör, 111.

Svöl, a river, 16, 52.

Svöldr, battle of, in which Ólafr Tryggvason fell, 173.

Svölnir, 190.

Swans, origin of, 30.

Swarthead, 18.

Sweden, realm of King Gylfi, 8, 13, 162, 166, 170-172, 199, 234.

Swedes, 234.

Sylgr, a river, 16.

Syn, one of the Ásynjur, 46.

Sýr, a name for Freyja, 46, 201.

Sægr, 23.

Sæhrímnir, the boar which furnishes meat for the Einherjar, 50.

Sæmingr, a son of Odin and first king of Norway, 9.

Søkin, a river, 52.

Søkkvabekkr, Sága's abode, 46.

Sölsi, 192.

Sörli, one of Gudrún's three sons by Jónakr, 158-160, 184.

THEGN, 211.

Thekkr, a name of Odin, 34.

Thekkr, a dwarf, 26.

Thengill or Manna-Thengill, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228.

Thjálfi, Thor's bondservant, 57, 58, 62, 63, 67, 107, 108, 117, 118, 124, 126.

Thjazi (also spelled Thjatsi), a giant, father of Skadi, 37, 90-92, 130 ff., 135, 165, 174.

Thjódnuma, a river, 52.

Thjódólfr of Hvin, Norwegian skald of the ninth century, 14, 99, 119, 130, 134, 137, 173, 197, 202, 205, 206, 208, 214, 216, 226, 227, 232.

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Thor, son of Mennón and Tróán, and grandson of Priam, 6.

Thor (to be identified with the above), son of Odin and Jörd ("Earth"), also called Ása-Thor and Öku-Thor, 22, 28, 35, 41, 54-70, 73, 76, 81, 83, 85, 89, 96, 107-111, 114-129, 136, 143, 145-147, 204, 221.

Thórálfr, an Icelandic skald, 102.

Thorbjörn Lady's-Skald, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 109, 110, 194.

Thórdr Kolbeinsson, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 204, 207, 210.

Thórdr Mæri's Skald, 176.

Thórdr Sjáreksson, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 111, 192.

Thorfinnr, Earl of Orkney (d. 1064), 199, 202.

Thorgerdr Hölgabrúdr, 173.

Thorinn, a dwarf, 26.

Thorkell Hamar-Skald, an Icelandic skald (c. 1200), 232.

Thórleifr, 121, 130, 133.

Thorleikr the Fair, a skald of the eleventh century, at the court of King Sveinn Úlfsson of Denmark, 175, 176, 120.

Thorn, 124, 127.

Thórsdrápa, poem by Eilífr Gudrúnarson, 123 ff.

Thorsteinn, 104.

Thorvaldr Blending-Skald, an Icelandic skald (c. 1100), 103, 176, 199.

Thrace, 6.

Thrándheim, the modern Trondhjem, 141

Thridi, poetic name for Odin, 15, 27, 20, 33, 34, 57, 82, 99.

Thrívaldi, a giant, 107, 109, 110.

Thróinn, a dwarf, 26.

Thrór, a name of Odin, 34.

Thrór, a dwarf, 26.

Thrúdheim, Thor's realm, 6.

Thrúdr, a Valkyr, 48.

Thrúdr, Thor's daughter, 107, 108, 128, 129.

Thrúdvangar, Thor's abode, 35, 68, 129.

Thrymheimr, Thjazi's abode, 37, 38, 90.

Thudr, a name of Odin, 34.

Thundr, a name of Odin 34.

Thviti, a rock, 45.

Thyn, a river, 52.

Thökk, a giantess (Loki in disguise), 75.

Thöll, a river, 52.

Tindr, an Icelandic skald (c. 1000), 183.

Tjaldari, a horse, 210.

Tooth-Gnasher and Tooth-Gritter, Thor's goats, 35.

Tróán, wife of Mennón and mother of Thor, 6.

Trór. See Thor (1).

Troy, 6, 9, 21, 85.

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Turf-Einarr, Earl of Orkney (c. 900), 203.

Turkland. See Troy.

Turks, 9, 85.

Tyggi, a son of Hálfdan the Old, 228, 229.

Týr, god of war, 39, 42, 45, 79, 89, 96, 113, 143.

Týr of Cargoes, a title of Odin, 96.

Týr of the Hanged, a title of Odin, 96.

Týr of Triumph, a title of Odin, 96, 98.

Týr of the Wain, a title of Odin, 96.

UDR, a name of Odin, 34.

Udr, a daughter of Ægir, 219.

Úlfr Uggason, an Icelandic skald (c. 1000), 99-101, 106, 110-113, 179, 186, 204, 208.

Ullr, Thor's step-son, 41, 89, 107, 108, 114; 119, 128, 129, 180, 182, 185.

Ulysses, 85.

Uppsala, 170, 171.

Urdr ("That which has taken place," the Past), one of the three Norns, 28, 30, 186, 194, 195. Urdr's Well, 29, 30, 186, 194, 195.

Útgarda-Loki, 61-69. See Skrýmir.

Útgardr, 61.

Uvigg, 8.

VAFTHRÚDNIR, a giant, 19.

Váfudr, a name of Odin, 34.

Vágasker, 113.

Vakr, Morn's horse, 212.

Vakr, a name of Odin, 34.

Valaskjálf, one of Odin's dwellings, 31.

Valfather (Odin), 27.

Valgardr, an Icelandic skald of the eleventh century, 219, 222, 224, 233.

Valhall ("Hall of the Slain") the abode of Odin's champions, 12, 33, 47, 50-53, 71, 99, 102, 116, 144.

Váli, a dwarf, 26.

Váli, son of Loki, 48, 77, 83.

Váli, one of the Æsir, 89, 114.

Valkyrs, 48, 73, 100, 102, 143, 181, 182.

Valr, a horse, 210.

Ván, a river, 45, 114.

Vanir, the older Northern gods before the Æsir, 37, 46, 47, 93, 111, 112, 129.

Vár, one of the Ásynjur, 46.

Vartari, a thong, 147.

Vásadr, grandfather of Winter, 33.

Vé one of Odin's brothers, 19.

Vedrfölnir, a hawk, 29.

Vegdeg, son of Odin, 7.

Vegsvinn, a river, 52.

Veiga in Hálogaland, the modern Vegenö, 207.

Veratýr, a name of Odin, 34.

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Verdandi ("That which is in a state of being, or becoming," the Present), one of the three Norns, 28.

Vésteinn, 211.

Vestri, or West, a dwarf, 20, 26, 133.

Vetrlidi, an Icelandic skald. of the tenth century, 110.

Victory-Týr. See Týr of Triumph.

Víd, a river, 16, 52.

Vídarr, one of the Æsir, slayer of Fenris-Wolf, 40, 80, 81, 83, 89, 113, 143.

Vídbláinn, the third heaven, 32.

Vidblindi, a giant, 177.

Vidfinnr, father of Bil and Hjúki, 23.

Vidrir, a name of Odin, 191.

Vidurr, a name of Odin, 34, 204.

Vifill, 211

Víga-Glúmr, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 90, 183, 191, 215.

Vigg, a horse, 211.

Viggr, a dwarf, 26.

Vígrídr, the field on which the last battle is fought at the end of the world, 79, 91.

Vili, Odin's brother, 100.

Vimur, a river, 110, 122 ff.

Vin, a river, 52.

Vína, a river, 52.

Vindálfr, a dwarf, 26.

Vindlér, a name of Heimdallr, 113.

Vindljóni, father of Winter, 33.

Vindsvalr. See Vindljóni.

Vindsvalr, 141.

Vingener, 7

Vingethor, 7.

Vingnir, 107.

Vingólf, abode of the Ásynjur, 25.

Vingólf, abode of Odin's champions, 33

Virfir, a dwarf, 27.

Vitr, a dwarf, 26.

Vitrgils, 7

Vitta, 7

Væni, the lake on which Adils defeated Áli, 170

Vöggr, 170.

Völsungs, 8, 230, 232.

Völuspá, poem in the Elder Edda, 16, 17, 20, 24, 26, 27, 31, 55, 77, 78, 80, 81. Völuspá the Less, 18.

Völu-Steinn, an Icelandic skald of the tenth century, 106, 208.

Vör, one of the Ásynjur, 46.

Vöttr Véseti, one of Hrólfr Kraki's berserks, 171.

WEIRD of the Gods, 39, 45, 77 ff., 189.

Westphalia, 8.

Whitby, Scandinavian settlement in Yorkshire, 231.

Willharm, 18.

Wind, origin of, 32

Winter, 33.

Witolf, 18.

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YAWNING Void. See Ginnungagap.

Yggdrasill, the Ash, holy place of the Æsir, 27 ff., 53, 79, 80.

Yggr, a name of Odin, 34, 204. (Cf. Yggdrasill, "Odin's Steed "?)

Ylgr, a river; 16.

Ymir or Aurgelmir, the first Rime-Giant, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 133, 134, 136-138.

Ynglings, the first Swedish dynasty, 9. 230, 232.

Yngvi, son of Odin and first king of Sweden, ancestor of the Ynglings, 9.

Yngvi, son of Hálfdan the Old, to be identified with the above, 99, 102, 230.

Yngvi, a dwarf, 27.

Yrsa, mother of Hrólfr Kraki, 169, 170-173.

ÆGIR or Hlér, dweller on Hlér's Isle, 89; visits the Æsir, 89-96; mentioned, 115, 121.

Æsir, the gods, to be identified with the above, 53-57, 61, 64, 65, 70-72, 74-77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 89-94, 96, 103, 142, 143, 146, 150-152.

Æsir, the people of Odin of Turkland, 8, 9, 13, 14, 22, 27 ff., 33, 35-45.

Ægir, the sea-god, 137, 139, 143, 144, 217, 219.

ÖDLINGS or Ödlungs, 230, 231.

Ögló, 98, 197.

Öku-Thor, 57, 61, 85. See Thor.

Ölvaldi, a giant, father of Thjazi, Idi, and Gangr, 92.

Ölvir Cut-Nose-and-Cropped-Ears, a Norwegian skald c. 900, 107.

Örmt, a river, 28.